1、高中英语定语从句讲解及练习 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: Is he t
2、he man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗? He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 2)whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可
3、作主语、宾语等。例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构,因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如: There are occasions w
4、hen (on which h) one must yield. Beijing is the place where(in which h) I was born.Is this the reason why (for which h) he refused our offer?2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介+which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. He is unlik
5、ely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错: ( ) This is the mo
6、untain village where I visited last year. ( ) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. ( ) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. ( ) Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二: 准确判断先行词在
7、定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,
8、去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如: This is the house which we bought last month. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. Th
9、is novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 18.5 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
10、2)that前不能有介词。 3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如This is the house in which I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?ur club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如: As we know, smok
11、ing is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。 典型例题 1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 2)The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. w
12、hatB. whichC. thatD. it 3)It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为
13、动词,所以正确选项应为B。 as 的用法 例1. the sameas;suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。例如: I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。例如: As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 。 As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。 18.9 关系代词that 的
14、用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。例如:We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothi
15、ng, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which. c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.二、关于非限制性定语从句1. 引导限制性定语从句时,关系代词which可以与that互换;但引导非限制性定语从句时,只能用which。 例1She heard a terrible noise, _ frightened her. A. that B. which C. what D. who 例2She h
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