用过去式表示的虚拟语气Word格式文档下载.docx

1、若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式（be通常用were），主句谓语用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形”：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?（大概他不会去）If I asked him，Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他会帮助我们。（不过我不打算这样做）注：几点特别说明 主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后。would, might, could的大致区别是：would表示结果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较：If you tried aga

2、in you would succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。（would表结果）If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。（might表可能）If you tried again you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。（could表能力） 条件从句的谓语动词为be时，不管其主语为单数还是复数通常都用were，但在口语或非正式文体中的单数第一人称和第三人称后，也可用was，不过在 If I were you这样的表达中，通常还是以用were为宜。 有时条件从句用would表示愿意：If

3、he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他还愿意跟我过，我仍会做他的妻子。 对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：一是这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；二是此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”（表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”）或“were to+动词原形”（表示与将来事实相反的假设）；三是当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should （would, could, might）+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气：If

4、it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。在虚拟条件句中的运用1. 与现在事实相反：条件句的谓语动词用一般过去式（be一般用were） ，主句谓语用would /should /could /might +动词原形。如：If I were you, I would never do that. 如果我是你,我决不做那件事。If it werent for （=But for） your help, I would still be hom

5、eless. 若不是你帮忙，我现在还是无家可归。If I had more money, I would buy a car. 我要是有再多一点钱，我就买汽车了。在口语中，在第一、三人称后，也有人用was。If I was（were） rich, I would buy a car. 我要是有钱，我就买汽车了。2. 与将来事实相反：条件句中的谓语可用一般过去式、或者“were to /should动词原形”，主句谓语用would /should /could /might +动词原形。If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, I would

6、 not go there. 要是明天下雨，我就不去那里。3. 与过去事实相反：条件句的谓语动词用过去完成式，主句谓语用would /should /could /might + have +过去分词。 If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake. 要是他当初听从我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。If it hadnt been for Margaret, I might not have understood. 要不是有玛格丽特，我可能还不明白。若虚拟条件句中有were, should, had时，

7、可省略if，将were, should, had移至主语前。Were I you, I would never do that. Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go there. Had it not been for Margaret, I might not have understood. 在错综时间虚拟条件句中的运用虚拟条件句与主句谓动词发生的时间有时不一致，要注意主从句谓语动词的形式。If youd listened to me, you wouldnt be in such trouble now. 如果你当初听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的

8、麻烦了。在含蓄虚拟条件句中的运用有时只有主句，不出现虚拟条件句，而是用without, with, but for（要不是） 等介词短语，或者用but, or, otherwise等副词或连词，或者用不定式或分词短语等来表示虚拟条件。But for （=if it had not been for ） your help, I wouldnt have been successful. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不会成功。I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have helped him. 我当时很忙，要不然，我会帮助他的。We couldnt have

9、finished it without Mary. 如果没有玛丽，我们是不能按时完成这个工作的。To hear him talk （=If you could hear him talk） , youd think he was Prime Minister. 听他讲话你会以为他是首相。Given more time, I could have done it better. 要是多给一点时间，我会做得更好。 在wish, if only, as if, would rather等后的从句中这些从句的谓语动词的形式是：若与现在或将来事实相反，用一般过去式（动词be一律用were） ；若与过去事

10、实相反，用过去完成式。如（）：I wish it were spring here all the year round. 但愿这里四季如春。I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 但愿当初不该浪费这么多时间就好了。If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是听了我父母的话就好了。Li Ming speaks English as if he were an American. 李明说英语好像是美国人。I would rather he

11、came tomorrow. 我宁愿他明天来。Id rather he hadnt told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。as if/as though引导的从句若是事实，就不必用虚拟语气。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起来要下雨的样子。 as if/as though引导的从句中He speaks English as though he were an American. 他说英语跟美国人差不多。在Its time that的that从句的谓语动词It is time that we got ready for the fin

12、al examination. 该是我们为期末考试做准备的时候了。副词long的若干用法限制long用作副词时，原则上只用于肯定句和疑问句。How long will it take to get there? 到那儿需要多长时间?It wont take long. 没多长时间。英语一般不说：It would take long. 可考虑改为将：It would take a long time. 那样会需要很长时间。在日常会话中 （for） a tong time常被 （for） ages替代。I waited for ages. 我等了好长时间。It took us ages to ge

13、t there. 我们花了好长时间才到那儿。但是，long的比较级和最高级longer和longest却可以不受限制地使用。It took longer than I expected. 花得时间比我预料的长。No one can say how much longer the strike will last. 谁也说不出罢工还会持续多久。Women, generally speaking, live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。Which type of battery lasts longest? 哪一种电池使用寿命最长?另外，带有修饰语的long，如to

14、o / so+long或long+enough结构可表示肯定语气。Could she have been waiting so long? 她能等得这么久了吗?Gone from home so long, they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood. 他们久离家乡，高兴地拥抱他们的儿时伙伴。They might have found it impossible to have lived togetherso long, had not a particular circumstance occurred. 如不是情况特殊，他们是不可能长久住在

15、一起的。Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。The bread baked too long. 这面包烤的时间太长了。This route to Boston takes too long. There must be another route that is shorter. 这条到波士顿的路线费时太多了。一定会有一条较短的路线。Ive been working here long enough. Time to get a new job. 我在这里工作时间太

16、长。该换个新工作了。My own view is that this kind of store, these kinds of supermarkets, have been around long enough for us to get used to them. 我自己的观点是，这类店铺、这种超市存在的时间够长了，我们可以适应。带虚拟语气宾语从句的四个数字在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”、“要求”等后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词有人归纳为“一个坚持（insist）、两个命令（order, command）、三个建议（advise, suggest, propose）、四个要求（d

17、emand, require, request, ask）”，这类虚拟语气由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。He insisted that I （should） go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。He ordered that it （should） be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。The doctor advised suggested that he （should） not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。He requires that I （should） appear. 他要求我出场。这类句子有时可用于

18、被动结构，前面用先行词it作主语，代表后面的从句。It was proposed that this matter be discussed next time. 有人提议这事下次再讨论。动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信

19、。与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：He suggested that we （should） stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。I suggested that you had a secret

20、understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。你会正确使用虚拟语气的倒装形式吗请看典型考题：_ your address，I would have written to you. A. Did I know B. Were I to know C. Had I known D. If I should know此题应选 C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were，had，should，could等动词时，可以将if省略，然后将 were，had，should，could 等词移至句首：1. If he should fail，he would kill h

21、imself. Should he fail，he would kill himself. 万一失败，他就会自杀。2. If I were you，I would do it at once. Were I you，I would do it at once. 假若我是你，我就会马上做。3. If I could do it，I would. Could I do it，I would. 要是我能做此事，我一定会做。4. If he had seen you yesterday，he would haveasked you about it. Had he seen you yesterday

22、，he would haveasked you about it. 他昨天要是看到了你，他就会问你这事了。顺便说一句，以上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词，如果是实义动词也可倒装：If he had money，he would buy a car. Had he money，he would buy a car. 他要是有钱，他就会买一辆小车。与将来事实相反的虚拟语气请看下面的题目：If we _ 200 years old，we _ everything. A. were to be，could change B. had been，changed C. were，would have c

23、hanged D. should be，changed 此题应选A。该题考查与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，此时的主句谓语通常用would（should，could，might）动词原形，而从句谓语可能有以下几种情况：1. 从句谓语用过去式：If your father knew this，he would be angry. 要是你父亲知道了，他会生气的。If it rained tomorrow，the sports meet would beput off. 要是明天下雨，运动会就推迟。2. 从句谓语用should+动词原形（通常指可能性极小的事情，一般译为“万一”）：If it should

24、 rain，the crops would be saved. 要是有雨，这庄稼还有救。此类句型的主句谓语有时可以用祈使句甚至将来时态：If it should rain tomorrow，dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就不要等我了。If I should be free tomorrow，I will come. 万一我明天有空，我就来。3. 从句谓语用were to+动词原形 （通常指可能性极小可或近乎不可能，有时指出乎意料）：If the sun were to rise in the west，my love for you would not change. 即使太阳

25、从西边出，我对你的爱也不会变。含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句，其主要用法及表现形式可归纳如下：1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中I would write to her, but I dont know her address. 我会给她写信的，就是不知道她的地址。（=If I knew her address, I would write to her. But）To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。（=If y

26、ou had studied harder, you）2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。（=If he had been born in better times, he would）Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？（=If you failed this time, what would）Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified.

27、要一个人单独在黑暗中行走，玛丽会感到十分害怕。（If Mary walked alone in the dark, she）3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。（=If it hadnt been for your help, we）In different circumstances, I would have said yes. 在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。（=If circumstances had been different

28、, I would）4. 将条件隐含在名词短语中Any person who had behaved in that way would have been dismissed. 任何人这样做了都会被开除。（=If any person should behave in that way, he would）A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。（If you had come a few hours earlier, you）5. 将条件隐含在某些连词中I

29、didnt know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。（or else=if I had known he was a cheat）Im really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。（otherwise=if I were not so busy）6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。（=I