高考英语新题型概要写作讲解练习题无答案Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达。应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使上下文内容连贯。出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档（6-10分）理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点。有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。第一档（1-5分）没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符。有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。多个句子抄自原文。白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。3考查特点 概要写作属于限制性写作。主要考查考生凝缩大段阅读文字的概括能力,如考查学

2、生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时,考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。4.选材特点 （1）所需阅读的短文词数在350以内; （2）所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。5.题型特点 简言之,概要写作就是对所读过的文章简要概括,写出文章的中心大意,也可称之为摘要。写概要时,读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来,而不是抄袭文章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心,而是要通过对文章中的单词词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用合适的语言表述出来。 因此,概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达,是二者的有机结

3、合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。6.概要写作解题策略和技巧写作步骤 （1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章的主旨和结构,明确各段的大意。 （2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。（3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。7.注意事项 （1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些

4、互不相干的句子但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文的句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。8.应对方法 概要写作的应对方法常见的主要有以下五种:速读语言材料弄清文章寓意概要写作应对方法 整合分层信息 牢记词数要求 运用已有知识经验 （1）速读语言材料,即弄清文章体裁、明确文章旨大意,采集分层信息点。 （2）弄清文章寓意,即采用适当的词法、句法等语言知识确定写作任务的点睛句,提高表达层次。 （3）整合分层信息,即采用构词法、上下文措辞技巧

5、对文章信息整合再造,分层概括表述。（4）牢记词数要求,即明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多信息点于一句中,高度概括文章所给的内容。 （5）运用已有的知识经验,即弄清写作任务中的人称和时态,准确、地道地表达,充分展示语言的表现力,让语言真正为交流服务9.高分技巧根据考生在概要写作中出现的常见错误及评卷要求,我们不难总结出“四条”行之有效的高分技巧。即速读归纳中心从who,what,how等看问题、提炼分层要点从以点睛句式概括、具体信息概括和相异要点概括角度入手、经验成就辉煌选好词汇、选好句式、切忌摘要原句采用同义异构、整合再造等方法。如图所示: when where who 速读归纳

6、中心 what why how result点睛句式概括 提炼分层要点 具体信息概括相异要点概括概要写作高分技巧 概括性词汇 好词汇 总结性词汇构词法拓经验成就辉煌 逻辑承接词地道句式短语好句式 精炼句中句非谓语动词短语切忌摘要原句 同义异构 整合再造10.文章分类议论文议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点，两种观点都要概括。记叙文记叙文的概要一般要包括记叙文的六个要素：when, where, who, what, why, how。有时候还要指出故事给人的启示，此时，概要是要加上作者的态

7、度、看法或感悟。说明文说明文通常会有中心句，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述。说明文概要写作的结构通常有三种：（1）描写某事物的性质功能。即“对象+性质功能+利弊” （2）针对某问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法” （3）介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象+原因+结果”在概要写作前,我们要通读短文,确定其内容是属于那种类型,然后选择恰当的结构。注意:不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点,尽量少使用原文语句,多用自己的概括性的语言。11.常用方法及词汇语言同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语 （例 improve=promot

8、e, of great importance = greatly important）句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition, 转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词firstly, secondly, fina

9、lly; and, moreover, furthermore; but, instead, however,3）常用词1、表示时间的 at first 起初 next 接下来 then 然后 after that 那以后 later 后来 soon 不久 soon/shortly after 之后不久 finally 最后 in the end 最后 eventually 最终 at last 终于 lately 近来 recently 最近 since then 自从那时起 after that 那以后 in no time 不一会儿 after a while 一会儿 afterward

10、 后来 immediately 立即、马上 meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 同时 earlier, until now 直到现在 suddenly=all of a sudden 突然 as a young man 当是个年轻人的时候 at the age of 在岁时 as early as 早的时候 as soon as 一就 before, the other day 几天前 early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后/前 one day 有一天 one afternoon 一天下午o

11、ne morning 一天早晨 2、表示空间的 to the right/left 朝右/左 on the right/left 在右/左边 in the middle of 在中间 in front of 在前面 in the front of 在前面 at the back of 在后面 at the bottom of 在底部 on the edge of 在的边上 on top of 在的顶部 opposite to 与相对 close to 靠近 near to 在附近 next to 与相邻 under 垂直在下 over 垂直在上 below 在下方 above 在上方 acro

12、ss 在的另一边 around 在周围 behind 在后 before 在前 against 靠着、抵着 further on 再往前 3、表示列举和时序 first, second, thirdfinally firstly, secondly, thirdlyfinally first of all, next then, lastly for one thingfor another at the same time at first at last to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点4、表示列举 for example 例如：

13、namely 即 for instance 例如：that is （to say） 也就是说 such as 如 like 像 takefor example 拿来说 5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 similarly 同样地 in the same way 以相同的方式 compared to 与相比 while 而 still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 different from 与不同 on （the） one handon the other hand 一方面另一方面 in contrast with 与成对比 6、

14、表示增补 and 而且 bothand 不但而且 not onlybut also 不但而且 as well as 不但而且 in addition 并且 apart from 除了之外 whats more 而且、更重要的 for another 另一方面 including 包括 worse still=whats worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是 also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外7、表示因果 because 因为 since 既然 as 由于 now that 既然 therefore 因此 thus 这样 so

15、所以 as a result 结果 thanks to 多亏、由于 for this reason 由于这个原因 because of=on account of 因为 if so 如果这样 if not 如果不是这样 8、表示目的 for this purpose in order to do so as to do so that in order that 9、表示让步 though/although no matter+疑问句 in spite of whatever/however/whoever even if/ even though 10、表示递进或强调 besides 况且

16、s more 更重要地是 above all 首先 indeed 的确 in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上 in other words 换句话说 in that case 那样的话 or rather 更确切地说 particularly 特别地 11、表示转折 but 但是 still 然而 however 然而 12、表示总结 in a/one word 简言之、总之 generally speaking 一般说来 in short=in a few words 简言之 in conclusion=lastly 最后地 as has been mention

17、ed 正如所提到的 it is quite clear that 很显然 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问 it is well-known that 大家都知道 as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道 as/so far as I know 据我所知 to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之 on the whole=taking everything into consideration总体来看,大体上 13、表示转折话题 by the way 顺便说 I am afraid 我恐怕 in

18、my opinion 依我看来 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 in face 事实上 12.实例演练AChris is not a traditional explorer（探险者）. Yet his job can sometimes be just as exciting and dangerous as being an explorer.Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders （无国界医生）. MSF sends trained

19、 doctors all over the world to help people after a war or a disaster. Chris is a doctor from France who has travelled to many plates to organize programs that help people.At the moment, there are 27,000 trained medical staff taking part in MSF tasks. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize.

20、All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be prepared to go almost anywhere in the world and of course doctors with experience in tropical （热带） diseases are especially useful because most of MSFs work is in Africa. When doctors completed a few tasks, they might be sent on an emergency

21、 task following a disaster such as an earthquake.But why would a doctor leave a comfortable life and a good salary to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience you gain is a great help in your career. Besides, just like the explorers of the past, you need to keep an open mind and learn to mix wel

22、l with the people you meet. Most importantly, at the end of each task, you have made a real difference to peoples lives.体裁：Who, What his jobWhat, whereWhy: Summary:Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFSs doctors need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the wo

23、rld and might be sent on an emergency task. Christ thinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot. （同义词转换）BPeople who live in the countryside generally live longer than those who live in the city. A number of reasons may help explain this point.To start with, farmers are in close contact wi

24、th nature. They breathe fresh air. They make friends with trees and stones, cows and dogs. They listen to the songs of birds. They fight with strong winds. This contact with nature is good for the health of both body and spirit.Next, hard physical work keeps farmers fit and healthy. It is widely bel

25、ieved that farmers suffer from far less diseases than people in the city. There are many diseases that are common in the city, but not in the countryside. For example, near-sightedness is almost unknown to farmers. Besides, being free from urban pressure does good to the health of farmers.Moreover,

26、because there are less cars, motorcars and other kinds of vehicles in the countryside, one can walk more freely without being afraid of accidents. The environment is better in the countryside, which makes the farmers live a quiet and peaceful life.The farmers can also get fresh grain, vegetables, fr

27、uits and milk easily. They enjoy these advantages that people living in the city cannot.结构：总分作者观点：论点 论点 论点 论点 论点 总结句，呼应观点 Summary ：People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantages such as close with nature, physical work, being free from urban pressur

28、e, more free walk, quiet and peaceful environment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）CFarmers use different kinds of soil conservation methods to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of nature. One important form of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks （防风林）.Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants with many leaves. Farmers plant