高考英语 针对高考阅读解密教案 新人教版Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、利用上下文的提示猜测词义的方法有如下几种：1.根据定义或解释猜测词义【例题】 （1）A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.根据定义, calendar 的意思是日历.。（2）A biography is the story of a persons life written by someone else 根据定义， biography 的意思是凡别人写的生平叫做传记。（3）Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of t

2、he USA-money, Success or expensive things to buy. 2.破折号后而的内容是对 value 一词的具体解释。（1）He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根据耻下文学语境意义，可悟出 quickly 与 hasty 同义。（2）Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy（美

3、味）, we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根据上下文语境意义得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. Raw 与 uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮过的。（3）-1 think we are being watched. -Really? What makes you think we are under surveillance?根据语境，可判断出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同义关系。（4）During the concert,

4、 the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous. but 表示转折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反义词，意思为吵吵嚷嚷的。（5）Unlike her gregarious sister,Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.unlike 是关键词，它表示Jane与她的姐姐完全不同。根据后面对Jane的描述“ashyper son,not like to go parties o

5、r to make new froends，可得知gregarious的意思是好交际的。3根据举例【例题】（1）Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate 根据举例法（such as），得知terns是一种鸟。（2）Today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing-machines，fridges and color TVs 根据举例法（f

6、or example），得知appUances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or TVs这类家用电器。（3）Several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remaining one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air SUChas提示argon为某种气体。4根据因果关系。（1）She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading because之前的分句表示结果，之后

7、的分句表示原因，可推理，她没有听见的原因是她完全被阅读吸引住了或她正全神贯注地看书。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神贯注的。（2）The noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or even where it came fronL Sothat，结构引导的句子也表示因果关系。因此可判断出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。声音太弱，以致不能确认是什么声音或是从哪里发出的。（3）ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather

8、 is warm，the Soil is excellent，and there iS a lot of rain。 because一词决定了flower与warm weather，excellent sOil，a10t Of rain之间是因果关系。 因此thdves的意思是茂盛成长。5根据句意或上下文语境 例1 If he think she can invitemeout，he is all wetI dont like to be with the them. A. drunk Bsweating Chappy Dmistaken【解 析】 根据第二句我不喜欢跟他在一起，可推断出，如果

9、他认为他能约我出去，那他就错了。这两句话实际上暗含因果关系。 【答 案】 D 例2 At the age of 77，John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swimFor a man of his age he was extremelyrobust According to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means_. A。strange Bweak Cstrong n

10、interesting 【答 案】 C 根据语境的意思，一个77岁的人还能如此运动，可以说是身体不错，因此可以推断robust是strong强壮的意思。 由此可见猜测词义离不开上下文、离不开具体语境。命题点3 推理判断 每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所

11、读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。 凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。 1细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。 2分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。 3注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。 4根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，

12、做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。 推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾；向等几种类型。1数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。例题： House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in C

13、helsea London, had risen in price since 1955: Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for 2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for 22,950. Now four years later. 1）The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the ye

14、arJane Grey sold it. A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times 2）Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it （利润）of_. A. 2,900 B. 8,典型例题 7,典型例题 D. 18,典型例题Of all the tenants,who earned most? A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White. 4）When did Mrs Black buy the house? A. 1971. B.

15、1972 C. 1968. D. 1959 5）Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace A. for four years B. for nine years C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 19556）If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_. A28，000 B18，000 C30，000 D25，100 以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，Ja

16、neGrey s典型例题2，000，”“inl972，the house is valued at30，000；”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for22，9500得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“Jane Grey sold for2，000 Mrs Bowena Black bought it for4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWh

17、itefOr22，950”推知，MrsBlack获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Blackand sold it nine yearsNOW four years later，inl972”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for2，000”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black4，900”“the house is valued at30，000”两句话推知D项为正确答案。 2常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知

18、事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。 例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has be

19、en annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also b

20、e used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl 从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具。即可推出

21、选项A为正确答案。 3逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。 例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first t

22、he ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however. The story suggests that tubing_. A. should not be done in moving water B. is done mainly by truck drivers C. costs a lot of money D. can be dangero

23、us 根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。D项为正确答案。4推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。 Some people are never right. They never have

24、good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr Neff is different. He is always righ

25、t. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is alwaysthe fault of the buses or the airplanes. Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions? he answers questions. He never

26、 says, I dont know. I dont know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?Does she have problems? I wonder. 1）Which of the following do you think gives the most important

27、 trait （特性） of Mr Neffs character? A. He is a very wise man. B. He plans everything well. C. He is moral and upright. D. He is very satisfied with himself. 2）Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff? A. She probably obeys her husband in everything. B. She probably feels very proud to

28、be a help of her husband. C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time. D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband. 3）Which of the following best describes the writers attitude towards Mr Neff? A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.

29、C. He feels pity for Mr Neff. D. He does not like Mr Neff. 以上各题的答案均没有直接表述在短文里，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。本文记叙的是一位一贯正确的人Mr Neff。根据这一主题，可推知他对自己的一切都很满意。第 1题选项D为正确答案。从Mr Neff事事正确，而Mr Neff又鲜为人知出发，可得出结论 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服从于她丈夫这一事实，故第2题A为正确项。尽管短文中没有直接陈述作者对MrNeff这一人物的态度，但从主题思想和某些措辞中仍可悟出作者对Mr Neff很讨厌这一事实。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never

30、”，一词，并还写到Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes”等来暗示他对Mr Neff的厌恶之情，故第3题D为正确答案。 在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：1. We can infer from the passage （paragraph, fact, example. ） that_. 2. The writer suggests that_. 3. From the passage （paragraph, story. ）, we can tell_. 4. The passage implies, but does not directly state that_