1、export tax rebatedumpingexport-driven economic growthhost countrybalance of tradefavorable/unfavorable balance of tradeEuropean Unionfavorable/unfavorable balance of paymentsvisible tradeinvisible tradetrade in goodstrade in servicesIII The chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports
2、 to China and the trade balance. The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeab
3、le trade balance deficit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year.IV1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods.3. Import goods are tangi
4、ble goods brought in.4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5. FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative
5、 safety.V1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2. In todays complex economic world, neither individu
6、als nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and culture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient
7、 enough to meet its needs. As for the preference reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each oth
8、er to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, namely, balance of trade and balance of payments.4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property an
9、d business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies fo
10、r its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需Domestic contentRed-tape barriersExport subsidiesBinding quotaAbsolute quotasVERTariff-rate quotasZero quotaBuy local rulesTariff barriersnon-tariff barrierss
11、pecific dutiesquotaprotective tariffmarket failureinfant industrylicensing systemRevenue tariffgovernment procurementtrade protectionismAd Valorem Dutiesfloor pricebuy localraise domestic demand国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关税配额零配额本地采购原则1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of res
12、trictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制,以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。.2. If the Russians release their stocks of fin into the world market, the price of the metal will sink through the floor.一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票
13、投放于国际市场之中,那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。3. Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them more expensive in comparison to domestic producers, thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage.保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税,旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵,从向使得本国商品具有价格优势。4. Types of tar
14、iffs include ad valorem, specific, variable, or compound. In the United States, the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only. Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country. After seven Rounds” of General Agreement
15、 on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions, tariffs are less important measures of protection than they used to be.关税的种类包括从价税,从量税,可变税与复合税。在美国,只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格,从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定之后,税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。1. Tariff is a duty collected by
16、 customs of a government on imports and/or exports.2. A revenue tariff can be some of the incomes of a government, but it must be taken under control.3. To export goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be fought against by government of the importing country.4. A tariff m
17、ay be assessed on a per unit basis, in which case it is known as a specific duty. It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item, in which case it is known as an ad valorem duty.5. Import tariffs primarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so that competitiv
18、ely produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage.Chapter 3 APEC Asia-pacific Economic Co-operationFTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the PacificEUNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementMERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur / SouthernCommon MarketASEAN Association of Southeast Asi
19、an NationsEFTAEuropean Free Trade AreaAFTA ASEAN Free Trade AreaPTAsPreferential Trade agreementsTrade bloc贸易集团Trade block 贸易禁运/ 封锁Open regionalism开放式区域主义Free trade area 自由贸易区Customs union关税联盟Common market共同市场Economic union经济联盟Trade embargoes贸易禁运Boycotts抵制歧视性关税discriminatory tariffs经济制裁economic sanc
20、tion贸易弹性trade elasticity双边贸易协定bilateral trade agreement最惠国most favored nationChapter 4 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs And TradeHOD Heads of DelegationsTRIPs Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesTRIMs Trade Related Investment MeasuresMFN M
21、ost Favored Nations施惠国 Patronage nations受惠国Favored nations缔约国 Contracting Parties市场准入 market access透明度 transparency紧急进口措施 Urgent Importing Measures争端解决机制 dispute settlement mechanism可持续发展sustainable development特许经营 franchise1. Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90%
22、 of the total trade volume in the whole world.2. Topmost of WTO is the Ministerial Conference which has to meet at least once every two years. Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Geneva regularly.3. The WTO Secretariat, which offices only in Geneva, Swizerland
23、, has around 550 regular stuff and is headed by a Director-General. Since decisions are made by Members only, the Secretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions.4. The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises
24、governments wishing to become Members of the WTO.Chapter 5I FOB班轮条件清关FOB吊钩下交货平舱多式联运船舷内陆水运理舱卸货费投保CFR卸至岸上(含着陆费)班轮单据买卖CFR舱底交货CFR班轮条件象征性交货FOB liner termcustoms clearanceFOB Under Tackletrimmultimodal transportshipboardmarine navigation on inland waterwaystowdischarge expensecover insuranceCFR Landedline
25、rdocumentary salesCFR Ex-ships HoldCFR liner termssymbolic delivery1. Under CFR, buyers should effect insurance.2. Under CIF Ex-Ships Hold, seller should pay the discharge charges.3. Under CIF, the insured amount should be US $ 22 000 if the contracted price is US $20000.4. Under CIP, seller has to
26、procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.5. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export 6. The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the customs clearance for imports and payment of all customs duty.7. Under DDP, the sel
27、ler must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties, taxes and other official charges payable upon exportation and importation of the goods.8. Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of the shipping of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to allow she bu
28、yer to take measure.1. 该报价为FOB的价格并含5的佣金。2. 在CPT、CIP项下,“承运人”指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。3. 在FCA项下,交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方,卖方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方,卖方对卸载没有责任。4. 在FOB项下,卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内,在指定的装运港,按照该港习惯方式,将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。Questions Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
29、 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N Y N Y N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A.1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. c; 7. d; 8. b; 9. d; l0.cB. 1. a; 2. ab; 3. abcdf; 4. abc; 5. aefChapter 61. Sales by Sellers/Buyers Sample2. Reference/Duplicate Sample3. Quality Tolerance4. Counter Sample5. More or Less Clauses6. Neutral Packing7, Customs Formality8. Inspection Certificate of Quality9.
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