The Atlantic slave tradeWord格式.docx

1、Contentshide 1 Origins 2 Triangular trade 3 Labour and slavery 4 African slave market o 4.1 African versus European slavery o 4.2 Slave Market Regions and Participation o 4.3 African kingdoms of the Era 4.3.1 Ethnic groups 5 Human toll o 5.1 African conflicts o 5.2 Port factories o 5.3 Atlantic ship

2、ment o 5.4 Seasoning camps 6 European competition 7 New World destinations 8 Economics of slavery 9 Effects o 9.1 Effect on the economy of Africa o 9.2 Effects on the economy of Europe o 9.3 Demographics o 9.4 Legacy of racism 10 End of the Atlantic slave trade o 10.1 Abolition argument 11 Apologies

3、 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links edit OriginsSee also: History of slavery, African slave trade,and European colonization of the AmericasSlavery was practiced in Africa before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade.10 Slavery and the slave trade were an integral part

4、 of African societies and states which supplied the Arab world with enslaved people for centuries before the arrival of the Europeans.11 The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans and their African agents.1213The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras,

5、known as the First and Second Atlantic Systems.The First Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to, primarily, South American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires; it accounted for only slightly more than 3% of all Atlantic slave trade. It started （on a significant scale） in ab

6、out 150214 and lasted until 1580, when Portugal was temporarily united with Spain. While the Portuguese traded enslaved people themselves, the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system, awarding merchants （mostly from other countries） the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies. During

7、the first Atlantic system most of these traders were Portuguese, giving them a near-monopoly during the era, although some Dutch, English, Spanish and French traders also participated in the slave trade.15 After the union, Portugal was weakened, with its colonial empire being attacked by the Dutch a

8、nd English.The Second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English, Brazilian, French and Dutch traders. The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies, Brazil and North America, as a number of European countries built up economically slave-dependent colonial

9、 empires in the New World. Amongst the pioneers of this system were Francis Drake and John Hawkinscitation needed.Only slightly more than 3 percent of the enslaved people exported were traded between 1450 and 1600, 16% in the 17th century. More than half of them were exported in the 18th century, th

10、e remaining 28.5% in the 19th century.16edit Triangular tradeMain article: Triangular TradeEuropean colonists initially practiced systems of both bonded labour and Indian slavery, enslaving many of the natives of the New World. For a variety of reasons, Africans replaced Indians as the main populati

11、on of enslaved people in the Americas. In some cases, such as on some of the Caribbean Islands, warfare and diseases such as smallpox eliminated the natives completely. In other cases, such as in South Carolina, Virginia, and New England, the need for alliances with native tribes coupled with the av

12、ailability of enslaved Africans at affordable prices （beginning in the early 18th century for these colonies） resulted in a shift away from Indian slavery.The Slave Trade by Auguste Francois Biard, 1840A burial ground in Campeche, Mexico, suggests slaves had been brought there not long after Hernn C

13、orts completed the subjugation of Aztec and Mayan Mexico. The graveyard had been in use from approximately 1550 to the late 1600s.17The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1

14、440 to about 1900. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. These included guns, ammunition and other factory made goods. The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. The third

15、 and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas. The goods were the products of slave-labour plantations and included cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum.However, Brazil （the main importer of slaves） manufactured these goods in South America and directly trad

16、ed with African ports, thus not taking part in a triangular trade.citation needededit Labour and slaveryAn antislavery medallion of the early 19th century.The Atlantic Slave Trade was the result of, among other things, labour shortage. Native peoples were at first utilised as slave labour by Europea

17、ns, until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases.18 Alternative sources of labour, such as indentured servitude, failed to provide a sufficient workforce.Many crops could not be sold for profit, or even grown, in Europe. Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often

18、proved to be more cost effective than producing them on the European mainland. A vast amount of labour was needed for the plantations in the intensive growing, harvesting and processing of these prized tropical crops. Western Africa （part of which became known as the Slave Coast）, and later Central

19、Africa, became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour.The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that, with large amounts of cheap land available and lots of landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves after

20、 a relatively short time, thus increasing the need for workers.19edit African slave marketThe Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade taking a toll on Africa, although it was the largest in volume and intensity. As Elikia Mbokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique: The African continent was bl

21、ed of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries （from the ninth to the nineteenth）. . Four million enslaved people exported via th

22、e Red Sea, another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million （depending on the author） across the Atlantic Ocean.20According to John K. Thornton, Europeans usually bought enslaved pe

23、ople who were captured in endemic warfare between African states.21 There were also Africans who had made a business out of capturing other Africans and selling them.22 Thornton says that Europeans provided a large new market for an already existing trade.23 And while an African held in slavery in h

24、is own region of Africa might escape, a person shipped away was sure never to return. People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol.24The Atlantic slave

25、trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century,25 during and following the Kongo Civil War.26. Wars amongst tiny states along the Niger Rivers Igbo-inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period.22 Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major wa

26、rfare conducted by expanding states such as the kingdom of Dahomey,27 the Oyo Empire and Asante Empire.28Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance.29 The enslaved people would be brought to coastal outposts where they would be traded for go

27、ods. Enslavement became a major by-product of war in Africa as nation states expanded through military conflicts in many cases through deliberate sponsorship of benefiting Western European nations. During such periods of rapid state formation or expansion （Asante or Dahomey being good examples）, sla

28、very formed an important element of political life which the Europeans exploited: As Queen Saras plea to the Portuguese courts revealed, the system became sell to the Europeans or be sold to the Europeans. In Africa, convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement, a punishment which became more prevalent