英语四级真题阅读理解带翻译文档格式.docx

1、re natural born leaders. 导 。re natural born leaders.我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。Truth is, theyre nothing of the sort. True leaders dont assume that its their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the o

2、pposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 袖 。s their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will ass

3、ess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They

4、 believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that cant be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you arent working as hard as they think you should, the

5、ir demands become increasingly louder and harsher.许多企业高管把领导与行动混为一谈。他们认为，不断运动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。他们的一个领导的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isnt their only tool. In fact, it isnt ever their primary tool. Gre

6、at leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important. 的 。 answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They

7、know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.真正的领导者明白行动的价值，当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。事实上，它不是他们的主要工具。伟大领袖们看到的比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题、机会。他们知道这是非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要。 If youre too concerned with outcomes to the extent th

8、at you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outcomes, then you arent leading at all, youre dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals. I dont believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly e

9、ffective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place.If youre dictating. A true leade

10、r is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.如果你太关注结果的程度，你的操纵和恐吓他人来达到这些目标，那么你不是领导时，你决定。一个真正的领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，这样他们就可以打他们的目标，达到他们的目标。Passage2 Have you ever felt your mind falling into disorder after a sleepless night? You couldnt come up w

11、ith an original thought no matter how hard you tried.你有过一个无眠的夜晚，你是否感到你的精神陷入混乱？不管你怎么努力，你都不能想出一个原创的想法。 You were probably right if you thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The

12、other group didnt get the smallest amount of sleep they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He asked them questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was “How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?”法 。You were probably right if you

13、thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didnt get the smallest amount of sleep they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the students. He aske

14、d them questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was “How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?你可能是对的，如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。Horne博士，在英国睡眠研究者研究了24名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整夜都睡不着觉。次日，Dr.Horne测试的学生。他要求他们提出的问题，需要创造性和创造性思维。其中的一个问题是“有多少用纸板箱可以装？The result? The wide-a

15、wake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly. ？ “ The wide-awake students did well on the test .The tired students did poorly.结果？考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。 Research has already shown that tired people can do OK on tests of habitual thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested

16、creative thinking only.研究已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维，如简单的加法。但是，Dr.Horne测试创造性思维只有。 As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasnt enough to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believ

17、es that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do better.” 作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额的钱，作为奖励给困倦的学生，如果他们做得很好。但即使是这种鼓励也不足以帮助学生克服疲劳。他们做得很差。霍恩博士认

18、为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨损在醒着的时候。睡眠可能有助于修复大脑。“没有任何睡眠，”他强调，“即使你付出更密切的关注，你也不能做得更好。 This study gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decisions.。Research has already shown that tired people can do OK on tests of habitual thi

19、nking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne tested creative thinking only.As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasnt enough to help the students conquer their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne believes

20、 that the part of the brain where thinking takes place may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized, “even if you pay closer attention, you cannot do better.”候 。This study gives people something to think about, especially people like ho

21、spital workers who must stay awake all night and then make quick decisions.这项研究给人们一些思考，特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，并作出快速决定。Passage3 Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认知的）areas such as

22、 attention and memory. This is true regardless of age. 研究人员发现，当人们心理活动时，大脑中发生的生化变化，使它在认知活动更为有效（认知的）等方面的注意和记忆。这是真实的，不论年龄。 People will be alert （警觉的） and receptive （接受能力强的） if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doin

23、g more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 人们将警报（警觉的）和接受（接受能力强的）如果他们面对的信息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物。有人用历史做更多而不是更少的进入老年的人比没有活跃的思维认知的声音。 Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to w

24、ork in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us dont need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain menta

25、l alertness.” Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work. 许多专家都这么认为，他们在给自己的生活中工作，挑战他们的大脑的好处。“是不是一定要学会记忆大量的信息，说：”杰姆斯Fozard国立老化研究所的副所长。我们中的大多数人

26、都不需要这种技能。这种特别的培训比能够保持精力充沛，不感兴趣。”Fozard和其他人说他们挑战他们的大脑不同的心智技能，这是因为他们喜欢他们，因为他们相信他们的活动范围将有助于他们的大脑的工作方式。 Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain th