高三二轮复习语法知识特殊句式讲义李洁雄Word文件下载.docx

1、句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。This is an English-Chinese dictionary. He is growing tall and strong.His face turned red.1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a

2、teacher. 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, He looks tired. He seems （to be） very sad. 4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells v

3、ery sweet. 5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. He became mad after that.She grew rich within a short time. 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult.His plan turned out a success.基本句型三:谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生

4、的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。Heenjoys reading. Headmits that he was mistaken.基本句型四:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 I showed him my pictures. I told him that the bus was late. 动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。They painted the door green.

5、He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus.2新知传授（一）教学目标：知识目标：通过讲解特殊句式，让学生掌握特殊句式的用法；技能目标：通过针对性练习，提高学生的审题思维和解题能力；情感目标：激发学生学习新知识的兴趣，热爱英语，热爱学习；（二）重难点：授课重点：there be 句型、强调句式、倒装授课难点：全部倒装与部分倒装的情况 （3）知识梳理：特殊句式包含：1. there be 句型2. 倒装句3. 强调句4. 省略句5. 插入语6. 分隔句式1. There be 句型1.1 There be 句型的意义：表

6、示“某处有某物”。e.g.: There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.1.2 There be 句型的时态：there is/are ; there was/were ; there have/has been; there will be /there is going to be ; e.g.: There was a meeting in our school yesterday. There have been many great changes in our country since then. There wil

7、l be a wonderful concert this weekend.1.3 There be的变式there be结构中的be动词之前有时还可加上seem to, appear to, happen to, used to,情态动词等用来描写事物；还可以用stand，live，remain，exist等替换，用来表示“静止、存在”等概念。 There seemed to be no one who really understood me. There lives a family of five upstairs.1.4: There be+名词+非谓语动词 There be结构的非

8、谓语形式有两种基本结构：there to be和there being There being not enough time left, we have to be hurry. I expect there to be no argument about this.1.5： 注意：1.5.1 There be 不可与have 连用1.5.2 There be 后的谓语动词遵循就近原则1.5.3 There be 句型的固定搭配There is no use / sense / point + v-inge.g.：There is no point in crying over spille

9、d milk.There is no need +to do There is no need to wait for him any longerThere is no doubt +that 从句 There is no doubt that my English is good.倒装语序，分全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词、be动词）放在主语之前。2.1全部倒装2.1.1 以in, out, up, down, away, off, back, there, here, now, then等副词在句首作状语，谓语动词是co

10、me, go, rush, run等不及物动词时，句子要全部倒装。（主语必须是名词）Out rushed the children. Here comes your husband. Now comes your turn.2.1.2 表示地点的介词词组谓语句首，谓语动词是be, stand, sit, lie等的句子里，用完全倒装。 In front of the lecture hall sits a professor. On the ground lay a sick goat.2.1.3 such置于句首时。Such was Einstein ，a simple but great

11、scientist.2.1.4 分词/形容词+地点状语+be+主语e.g. : Seated in the front are the leaders of the school.Sitting in the front are the leaders of the school.2.1.5 在there，here，引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, appear, come, happen, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, stand 等不及物动词时。 There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.He

12、re is a seat for you.2.1.6. 直接引语中间或后面，表示某人说这意思的插入语（特别是谓语较短时）。“They must be in the fields now,” thought Xiao Lin. “Help! Help!” cried the little girl. 2.2 部分倒装2.2.1 only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only by working hard can we succeed. Only when he returned did we find out the truth.2.2.2 含有否定意义的副词、连接词放在句首引

13、起的 部分倒装表示否定的副词 never，nor，neither,表示半否定意义的副词 hardly，few，seldom，little，含有no和not的词组 by no means（决不），in no time（很快），at no time（在任何时候都不），（在任何情况下都不）not until，not only.but also， no sooner.thanhardly.when/scarcely.when Never before have I seen such a moving film.Hardly do I think it possible to finish the j

14、ob before dark.Not until 4:00 in the morning can we fall asleep.Not only will help be given to people to find jobs ,but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.2.2.3 “so（nor, neither）+助动词 + 主语”“so助动词/情态动词/系动词主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，意为“也，同样，也如此”。“neither/nor助动词/情态动词/系动词主语” 表示前面叙

15、述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物。 I saw the film last week. So did she.I have never been abroad. Neither has he.注意：表示前面的多种情况也适合于另一人或物，或者既有肯定又有否定情况或涉及到不同类型的动词时可用：It is the same with sth./sb.或 So it is with sth./sb.句型。She does well in English，but is poor in maths.So it is with Lucy. 她英语学得好，但数学学的差，露茜也是如此。2.2.4 so/such

16、.that（如此.以至于）句型中，若so/such.that提至句首，主句需部分倒装。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.2.2.5 省略if的虚拟条件句以had / were / should开头引起的部分倒装Were she my friend, I would ask her for help.Should he come tomorrow,I would tell you.2.3 形式倒装2.3.1感叹句：对中心词是名词感叹时，用what引导；对形容词或副词感叹时，用ho

17、w引导。What an interesting talk they had! How interesting their talk is!2.3.2 the more.,the more.句型（more代表形容词或副词的比较级）The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.2.3.3 whatever./however.引导的让步状语从句 However difficult the problem may be,we must work it out this evening.2.3.4由as、though引导让步状语从句要用部分倒装

18、或前置Strange as/though it seems,it is true.Child as he is,he can carry the big box.2.3.5某些表示祝愿句子也用倒状语序.e.g. May you succeed. Long live the Communist Party of China!3强调句强调句是为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出而采用的一种修辞手段。强调的方式主要有以下三种：3.1 使用强调句型进行强调 3.1.1陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（主、宾、状）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分强调句的否定

19、句形式为：It is / was not + 被强调部分+ that / who . It was I that /who didnt realized all my mistakes until you told me yesterday.3.1.2一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。 e.g. :Was it Sally that phoned just now?3.1.3特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？When and where was it that you we

20、re born?3.1.4注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was ，其余的时态用It is 。3.1.5 not until 句型的强调句句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not unti

21、l his wife came back that he went to bed.此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。3.2利用词语进行强调 3.2.1用the very、the only等强调名词 You are the very person for this job. 3.2.2用right/just强调副词性词组 I put that book right here a moment ago.3.2.3用on earth、in the

22、 world、the hell 、置于疑问词后，表示“到底，究竟”以加强语气。 What on earth is the matter there？3.2.4用ever系列强调 This is the best ever!Whatever you do, wherever you go, I will waiting for you .3.2.5用助动词do/ does或did强调谓语,It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语。 e.g. : He did write to you last week. Do be careful when you cross the street.

23、此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；后面的谓语动词用原形。3.2.6 at all“完全、根本”时，多用于否定句、条件句；肯定句或疑问句时，意为“真的、确实”。 If it were not for the sun,we could not live at all.Do you feel ill at all?3.3 What.is/was.句式进行强调 What John did last night was to prepare a long report.省略主要在于避免重复，同时又不影响句子意义的表达。4.1 功能词的省略 4.1.1冠词的省略 两个并列的名词前面，第

24、二个可以省略如果省去冠词会误会为一个人则不省略。 Is the baby a boy or （a）girl?They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.在某些独立主格结构中，Our teacher came in,book in hand.（with a book in his hand）4.1.2名词所有格后名词的省略 These are Johns books and those are Marys （books）. At the doctors （office）4.1.3介词的省略 have difficulty / problem / troubl

25、e+（in）+v-ing spend （in）+v-ing there is no use / sense / point +（in）+ v-ing stop / prevent （from）+ v-ing be busy +（in）+v-ing end up +（by） +v-ing take turns （at ） +v-ing have a good / great /fun /hard / time +（in）+v-ing4.1.4 连词的省略：not （only）but（also）; whether.（or not）;so （that）.;now（that）;关系代词代替先行词在定语

26、从句中作宾语且其前没有介词或先行词为way或time等时，常省略关系代词。 I dont like the way （that） he talks to his parents.4.1.5动词不定式的省略 They may go if they wish to（go）.He didnt come,though we had invited him to（come）.4.2.句子成分的省略4.2.1可省略主语和谓语 A word about your composition.（省略了Ill say.） Though tired，he was not disheartened.（省略了he was

27、.）4.2.2可省去从句 You have done better this time.省去从句than you did before）4.2.3可用不定式to，省去前面提到的谓语动词。 Jack didnt pass the driving test，but he still hope to.（to后省去了pass）杰克没有通过驾驶证考试，但他仍希望能通过。4.2.4.可用so，not省略前面提到的事，表肯定与否定。 Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?你认为周末会下雨吗？I believe not/I believe so.我想不

28、会/我想会的。（即I dont believe its going to rain）4.2.5.根据不同语境可省略不同成分。only if，If only，what so ever， in case If only I knew his phone number.4.3 句子的省略4.3.1特殊疑问句的省略。Where to?（=Where are you going to?） What for? （例如：What do you come here for?Why not do it? （=Why dont you do it?How/What about（sb）doing sth.?4.3.

29、2比较从句中的省略 I love classic music more than （I like）rock and roll. He is no longer so shy as （he was） before. 4.3.3在时间状语和条件状语从句中的省略 While （I was） on the street, I came across a friend of mine. If （you are） offered help, never forget to say “Thank you!” If （it is） possible, I would like to go there tomorrow. 4.3.4在其他状语从句中的省略 I wont go there unless （I am） invited. Things hav