DTM and related computerbased technologies are flexible eg to changes in field or machine characWord文件下载.docx

1、 Purchase PDF （734 K） Related articlesRelated reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThis study investigates the practical and financial implications of alternative strategies for meeting explicit conservation goals on the Agulhas Plain

2、, South Africa. This is an area of exceptional biodiversity increasingly threatened by alien plant infestation, urbanisation, and agricultural expansion. In addition to traditional on-reserve protection, we identify two types of property-rights agreements （conservation easements and management agree

3、ments） and two types of financial incentives （land management assistance and tax relief） as appropriate for encouraging off-reserve conservation on targeted lands in the area. Specifically, we suggest actions to offset the costs facing landowners under new pieces of legislation, such as alien-cleari

4、ng requirements and a property tax. After refining an existing GIS database of cadastral units targeted for conservation, we assigned on- or off-reserve conservation status to properties on the basis of a simple decision system, which took the irreplaceability of the area into account. Three impleme

5、ntation scenarios were designed: an entirely on-reserve approach, a mixed on- and off-reserve approach, and the mixed approach in conjunction with financial incentives. The conservation costs, to both the public and private sector （including expanded obligations from new legislation）, were first mod

6、elled and then analysed in a Geographic Information System. We found that a traditional on-reserve approach would cost the state about R240M in acquisition costs, whereas both mixed approaches, using the decision rules developed in this study, would involve leaving 40% of targeted areas in private h

7、ands, saving the state 80% in acquisition costs. Of the subsequent conservation costs, which total R401M （present value 6% discount rate; Scenario 1）, most are alien clearing costs. Since landowners are now compelled to put up these costs, the state could make further savings （4451%） under a mixed m

8、anagement scenario. Using Property Rate relief as an additional financial incentive is relatively efficient in that it may save targeted private landowners 32% in Property Rates, at a cost of 5.5% of expected tax revenue to the state. Given the prohibitive costs, realising conservation goals in the

9、Agulhas Plain will probably depend upon the establishment of institutions, mechanisms, and incentives for private participation in conservation.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Identification of appropriate conservation tools and financial incentives 2.1. Property-rights mechanisms2.2. Financial inc

10、entives3. Methods 3.1. Spatial data and targeted conservation areas3.2. Scenario development3.3. Assigning appropriate tools to individual properties: a decision system3.4. Financial implications of alternative conservation strategies 3.4.1. Acquisition costs3.4.2. Management costs 3.4.2.1. General

11、management3.4.2.2. Alien clearing costs3.4.2.3. Fire prevention costs3.4.3. Property taxes3.4.4. Effect of financial incentives3.5. Aggregation and distribution of costs4. Results 4.1. Assigning conservation mechanisms to targeted cadastral units4.2. Implications of alternative conservation strategi

12、es at the cadastral level4.3. Financial implications of alternative conservation strategies at the aggregate level 4.3.1. Acquisition4.3.2. General management4.3.3. Alien clearing costs4.3.4. Fire prevention costs4.3.5. Tax relief as a financial incentive4.3.6. Summary of financial implications for

13、the state5. Discussion 5.1. Assigning conservation mechanisms to targeted properties5.2. Financial implications of implementing alternative conservation strategiesAcknowledgementsReferences127Heuristics for demand-driven disassembly planningComputers & Operations Research, Volume 34, Issue 2, Februa

14、ry 2007, Pages 552-577Ian M. Langella Purchase PDF （285 K） Remanufacturing of used products has become accepted as an advantageous disposition option within the field of reverse logistics. Remanufacturing, where a firm takes returned products at the end of their life and disassembles them to obtain

15、parts which are reassembled into “good as new” products, may require so-called demand-driven- disassembly, where a specific amount of returned products must be disassembled to yield parts which are either demanded externally, or used in the remanufacturing operation. While in its simplest form, the

16、solution can be merely calculated, more realistically complex product structures require a more powerful solution method. The first choice, integer programming （IP） can be used to arrive at an optimal solution, with the disadvantage that the time required to solve the problem explodes with increasin

17、gly complex product structures and longer time horizons. Another possible method, heuristics which were presented in a previous work on this problem Taleb and Gupta （Computers & Industrial Engineering 1997; 32（4）: 94961, offer a faster, easier solution with the disadvantage that it is not necessaril

18、y optimal, and under certain circumstances may deliver an infeasible result. In this work, this problem was corrected and the heuristic was extended in several important ways to deal with holding costs and external procurement of items. The methodology is illustrated by an example. Another advantage

19、 of the heuristic is that it can be programmed into code and executed via spreadsheet application, which will facilitate its application. A performance study reveals that the new heuristic performs quite well for a wide spectrum of randomly generated problem test instances.2. Problem description 2.1

20、. Setting2.2. Basic problem2.3. More realistic problem2.4. Relevant costs 2.4.1. Core procurement costs2.4.2. Separation costs2.4.3. Holding costs2.4.4. Leaf procurement costs2.4.5. Disposal costs2.5. Problem statement2.6. Literature review3. Exact method 3.1. Assumptions and notation3.2. Model and

21、objective function4. Heuristic approach 4.1. Overview 4.1.1. Core Algorithm4.1.2. Allocation Algorithm4.2. Examples illustrating infeasibility4.3. Suggested improvement 4.3.1. Improvement for infeasibility problem4.3.2. Incorporating holding costs into the approach4.3.3. Incorporating external leaf

22、procurement4.3.4. Extension to deliberate leaf holding versus disposal4.3.5. Numerical example4.3.6. Critique4.4. Performance study 4.4.1. Experimental design4.4.2. Results5. Conclusion and outlook128Can family-planning programs “cause” a significant fertility decline in countries characterized by v

23、ery low levels of socioeconomic development? New evidence from Bangladesh based on dynamic multivariate and cointegrated time-series techniques, 19651991Journal of Policy Modeling, Volume 19, Issue 4, August 1997, Pages 441-468Abul M. M. Masih, Rumi Masih Purchase PDF （1486 K） AbstractAbstract | Ref

24、erencesReferences Unlike most empirical works on fertility analysis, this study investigates the question as to whether family-planning programs can “cause” a significant fertility decline in a country characterized by very low levels of socioeconomic development. The analysis is based on the applic

25、ation of the following dynamic time-series techniques in a multivariate context: cointegration, vector error-correction modeling, variance decompositions, and impulse response functions. These four dynamic tools are recently developed and hitherto untried in fertility analysis in the context of a po

26、or developing economy such as Bangladesh. Our findings appear to be consistent with the new theoretical view that holds that fertility decline may result from either of two distinct developmental phases, one short-term and the other long-term. According to this view, the second phase （comprising the

27、 “sufficient” condition for fertility decline） incorporates the conventional view that in the long term, fertility decline may result from a complex dynamic interaction with organized family planning and significant socioeconomic structural change. In contrast, the first phase （comprising the “neces

28、sary” condition for fertility decline） may not need such significant structural change in order to effect fertility decline in the short term. All it may require is a predominantly client-oriented, affordable, persuasive, and well-organized family-planning programa program that is firmly supported b

29、y the political and social elite at all levels of that society, as well as being adapted to the sociocultural realities of the vast masses of the people of that region. References129What makes a successful volunteer Expert Patients Programme tutor? Factors predicting satisfaction, productivity and intention to continue tutoring of a new public health workforce in the United KingdomPatient Education and Counseling, Volume 75, Issue 1, April 2009, Pages 128-134Wendy Macdonald, Evangelos Kontop