1、语法资料非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。a不定式短语通常用来表示一件
2、未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做
3、。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。(3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。His wish is to buy
4、a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our
5、 work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convinc
6、ing than I had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is
7、interesting.这类词常见的有:interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担
8、心的-worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news听到这个消息,他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
9、1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰
10、乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法,图谋 incline有倾向 propose提议seek找,寻觅 try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求,邀请 ge
11、t请,得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请, summon传唤command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示driv
12、e驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认,自认 cease 停止 mention说到,讲到admit 承认 tolerat
13、e忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌advocate:提倡,主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激,欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避cant stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想,爱好favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘,计算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成,结束不得 pa
14、rdon原谅,饶恕 resist抵抗,阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想 postpone延迟,延期 risk冒险involve卷入,包含 practise 实行,实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受loathe非常讨厌,厌恶 recall回想例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词
15、和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5)try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算,有意要mean doing意味着7)go on to d
16、o 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Dont you remember seeing
17、the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身。I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。Lets try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工
18、作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我没想要伤害你的感情。This illness will mean (your) going to hospital得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him somethi
19、ng to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要
20、,需求campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。6)不定代词somet
21、hing, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do-tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision
22、 to give up the experiment surprised us他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。He is always the first to come and the last to leave他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点:1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。The child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩
23、子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?He is an advanced teacher他是个先进教师。3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recen
24、tly-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?5不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词与过去分词作
25、状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could h
26、ave grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子
27、开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully,youll learn something new只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to supp
28、ort him他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:a:not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, b
29、e told, form, give, make, produce 等。c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。6非谓语动词常考的其它结构(1)疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I dont know what to do我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river困难在于如何
30、过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式:While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carme
31、n.(2)介词except和but作“只有,只能”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如:Let him do it.让他做吧。
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