参考语法中的时态部分Word文档格式.docx

1、 I have been playing I had been playing Those are the forms for the active voice. The forms for the passive are:a. I am asked I was askedb. I am being asked I was being askedc. I have been asked I had been askedd. （The perfect-progressive is rarely used in the passive.）Ways of referring to the futur

2、e arc dealt with in 13.2536.stative verbs13.2Stative verbs are normally found only in the non-progressive forms. Stative verbs include: a BE and HAVE, as in I Go away. We are busy. We have a lot of work to do. But BE meaning act （in a certain way）, and HAVE meaning something other than possess, can

3、be used in the progressive, e.g.:2 Wait for me. You are being impatient. （=acting impatiently） I am still having my breakfast.b verbs which contain the idea of being or having, e.g.APPLY TO meaning be true of or have reference toBELONG TO meaning be the property ofCOMPARE meaning be like or be as go

4、od asCONCERN meaning be of importance toCONTAIN meaning have or holdCOST meaning be equal in value toDEPEND ON meaning he dependent onDESERVE meaning he worthy ofDIFFER FROM meaning be different fromEXIST meaning beHOLD meaning haveINTEREST meaning be interesting forMATTER meaning be of importanceME

5、ASURE meaning be of a certain length etc.OWN meaning havePOSSESS meaning haveRESEMBLE meaning be likeSTAND FOR meaning be a substitute forWEIGH meaning be of a certain weightExamples:3 This rule applies to everyone.4 This camera belongs to me.5 My roses do not compare with yours7 How much does this

6、book cost?8 Whether the meeting will be he1d or not depends on you.6 This matter concerns you. I think.9 I hope you win. You certainly deserve to.10 My answer differs from yours in every detail.II Mammoths do not exist in the modern world.12 How many people does this hail hold?13 Archaeology interes

7、ts me very much.14 It doesnt matter to me whether you like it or not.15 This room measures five metres by four.16 Man people in this country own the houses they live in.17 I owe such qualities as I possess to my parents.18 George resembles his father in the way he walks.19 The sign + stands for plus

8、.20 I weigh sixty-five kilos. How much do you （weigh）?Some of the verbs in examples 3- 201 can also refer to activity, in which case they can freely be used in the progressive, e.g.21 I am applying （= making application） to you for assistance.22 I am applying this ointment to the wound to ease the p

9、ain.23 In this book, the author is comparing X with Y.24 We are depending （ relying） on you to help us.25 Hold your an out -Im just measuring your sleeve.26 Youre not holding your arm out straight.27 In the disaster area, People are existing （= keeping themselves alive） on what scraps of food they c

10、an find.c verbs referring to an involuntary reaction of the senses:feel hear see smell tasteHEAR and SEE refer to involuntary reactions which correspond to the deliberate acts of listening and looking .FEEL SMELL and TASTE can refer to both the involuntary reaction and to the voluntary, deliberate a

11、ct. Thus: VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY Im listening to you I hear you Im looking at you I see you Im feeling this Cushion I feel a pin in it somewhere Im smelling this flower I smell gas. It smells awful Im tasting this soup I taste pepper. It tastes hot.CAN often occurs before the five verbs in the right

12、hand Column, e.g. I Can hear, see, feel, smell taste something. FEEL can occur freely in the simple tense or in the progressive when it refers to ones own physical condition, as in dont feel hungry28 I m not feeling very tired Well d verbs referring to mental or emotional states:assume believe care

13、consider detest envy fear feel （=think） find （=consider） forget hate hope regret remember suggest suppose think understand want wish know like love mean mind notice expect imagine preferNotice the difference between the following pairs:29a We consider （= believe） him to be very loyal. b We are consi

14、dering （= studying） your application.30a I expect （=suppose） youre rather tired. b I am expecting （= waiting for） a visitor.3la I feel （=think） youre right.b Im feeling very hungry.32a Does anyone mind （= object） if I open the window?b Is anyone minding （= looking after） the baby while youre out? 33

15、a I think （ believe） hes crazy.b Be quiet. Im thinking （=giving thought to a problem）.13.3Note that stative verbs do not normally occur in the progressive. But it is possible for any of them to be used in the progressive provided the speaker is emphasizing the idea of an uncompleted involuntary act,

16、 or incomplete physical or mental state, as in34 Something is wrong with my eyes. Im seeing double.35 Im forgetting （= beginning to forget） my French.36 Now were understanding （beginning to understand） this a little better.13.4All the examples in 13.2 and 3 are in the present tense. The same verbs c

17、ould equally well be used in the past, or in the present and past perfect, e.g. This watch belonged to my fatther. This farm has a/wars belonged to our family.Action verbs13.5Action verbs can freely occur in the progressive as well as in the non-progressive forms. They include verbs referring toa Ac

18、tivity having duration, e.g. WRITE （a letter to someone）, READ,WORK. PLAY, WALK, RUN, etc.:37 Please be quiet. Im writing an important letter.There the progressive refers to writing that is in progress.b A CHANGE OF STATE OR POSITION. A verb in this group might be one of the copulas referring to a c

19、hange of state, e.g. GET, BECOME, GROW, TURN, as in38 We are all becoming / growing older:or it might be a verb like ARRIVE, DROWN DIE. Note that39 They are arriving /drowning/dying.means They are beginning to arrives etc.: it does not necessarily imply that the arriving, drowning, dying are accompl

20、ished.c A MOMENTARY ACT. e.g. WRITE （the letter e）, OPEN or CLOSE （a book or a door）, PUT （something on the table）, HIT, JUMP, BARK, and so on. Note that I am opening the door would only make sense if it were a commentary made during very slow motion, or if the speaker were opening （and shutting） th

21、e door repeatedly （or if he were referring to the future. as in 13.34）: and note that I am jumping, when it refers to the present, means I am giving a series of jumps. The idea of a series of momentary acts is conveyed in40 Hurry up. The caretaker is closing all the doors.Progressive aspect13.6The p

22、rogressive therefore conveys the idea of ACTIVITY WHICH HAS BEBUN BUT IS NOT COMPLETED. This incomplete activity can be continuous, as in37, 38 and 39. or it may consist of an uncompleted series of acts. as in40. Whether, in actual fact, the activity or series is completed or not, is irrelevant: WHA

23、T IS IMPORTANT IS THAT, IN USING THE PROGRESSIVE,THE SPEAKER IS CONCERNED WITH THE UNCOMPLETED PART OF IT, OR THE TEMPORARY DURATION OF IT.Simple present13.7The simple present is used with stative verbs and with action verbs if the special emphasis described in 13.6 is not intended, when the speaker

24、 is referring to the following aspects of time:a ALL OR ANY TIME not separated from the present:41 Paint contains a certain amount of lead.42 The Rhine flows between Germany and France.b THE PRESENT PERIOD as distinct from the past. In this case, the speaker may be thinking either of an activity tha

25、t Continues throughout the period, as in 43, or of a whole series of acts performed throughout the period, as in 44:43 I live in the country.44 We all speak English at home;c THE PRESENT MOMENT, as in 45:45 This tape-recorder is easy to work. Watch what I do. I switch it on, press this button and it

26、 starts.Switch, press and starts in 45 refer to momentary acts （13.5c） considered as completed at the moment of speaking. In 45, they are examples of a MOMENTARY PRESENT, whereas in46 I （always） switch off all the lights before I go to bed.switch and go, like speak in 44. are examples of the HABITUA

27、L PRESENT.The habitual present is often reinforced by an adverb of frequency, e.g. always, though such adverbs can also be used with the progressive, as we shall see below （13.8）;d THE PRESENT MOMENT, as in 4750:47 I declare the meeting open. （formal remark by the Chairman）48 I pronounce you man and

28、 wife. （at a wedding ceremony）49 We gladly accept your offer. （declaration of acceptance）50 I wish you all a very happy New Year.Those are examples of DECLARATIONS. The following are among the verbs that can be similarly used:forbid offer admire confess promise agree confirm guess propose apologize

29、congratulate maintain suggest note approve excuse sympathize calculate express However, all those verbs can be freely used in the progressive if the emphasis described in 13.6 is intended. Thus we can compare 51 I admire your couragewith52 Wait for me. Im admiring this wonderful view;e FUTURE TIME, in temporal and conditional clauses:53 Mr. X will telephone you as soon as he returns.54 The police will take your car away if you park it there.55 The meeting will be held out of doors unless it rains;f PAST TIME in newspaper headlines, sometimes in narrati