1、keto-, oxo-oneRCHOaldo-alROCOORalkyl carbonateRCOO?carboxy-oateRCOOH-oic acidRORalkoxy-alkyl alkyl etherRCOORalkyl alkanoateROOHhydroperoxy-alkyl hydroperoxideROORperoxy-alkyl peroxide 含氮官能团RCONR2carboxamido-amideRNH2amino-amineR2NHR3NR4N+ammonio-ammoniumRC(=NH)Rimino-imineRC(=NR)RRC(=NH)HRC(=NR)HRC
2、(=O)NC(=O)Rimido-imideRN3azido-alkyl azideRN2Razo-diazeneROCNcyanato-alkyl cyanateRNCisocyano-alkyl isocyanideRNCOisocyanato-alkyl isocyanateRNCSisothiocyanato-alkyl isothiocyanateRONO2nitrooxy-, nitroxy-alkyl nitrateRCNcyano-alkanenitrilealkyl cyanideRONOnitrosooxy-alkyl nitriteRNO2nitro-RNOnitroso
3、-及衍生物RC5H4N4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)-pyridine 含磷、硫官能团与同族的氮和氧相比,和中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。R3Pphosphino-phosphane甲基丙基膦HOPO(OR)2phosphoric acid di(substituent) esterdi(substituent) hydrogenphosphate亚磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH)2phosphono-substituent phosphonic acid亚磷酸苄酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)2
4、phospho-硫醚RSRdi(substituent) sulfide磺酰基RSO2Rsulfonyl-di(substituent) sulfone磺酸基RSO3Hsulfo-substituent sulfonic acid亚磺酰基RSORsulfinyl-di(substituent) sulfoxide二苯基亚砜RSHmercapto-, sulfanyl-thiolRSCNthiocyanato-alkyl thiocyanateRSSRalkyl alkyl disulfide烃基根据所含键的不同,不同的官能团具有不同的性质。注意:烷烃基(如甲基、亚甲基)不算官能团,而苯基是官能团。RHalkyl-ane烯基R2C=CR2alkenyl-ene炔基RCCRalkynyl-yneRC6H5RPhphenyl-benzeneRCH2C6H5RBnbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene 含卤素取代基卤代烃中含有碳-键,键能随卤素不同而有变化。一般除外,卤代烃都可发生和。取代基名称卤代RXhalo-alkyl halide氟代RFfluoro-alkyl fluoride氯代RClchloro-alkyl chloride溴代RBrbromo-alkyl bromide碘代RIiodo-alkyl iodide