托福TPO31听力文本New文档格式.docx

1、StudentWell, yeah, but now, I think writing about trade for my paper isnt going to work.Oh, so your questions about shipping routes were for your research paper?Yeah. But now, I see that I probably need to come up with a new paper topic. Actually, there was one other idea I had. I have been thinking

2、 about doing something about community planning in the early British settlements in Eastern North America.Oh. OK. I am curious. Why are you interested in doing something on community planning in colonial times?Well, I am much more into architecture. Its my major and I mean, planning out a town or ci

3、ty goes along with that. I mean, not that I dont like history.l am interested in historyreally interested. But I think, you know, for a career, architecture is more for me.Thats great. Ive gotten some very thought-provoking papers from Students whose interests go beyond history.OK. But for the paper

4、 you wanted us to try to include a comparison, right?Yes. Actually, that was really the purpose of the assignment. The way the United States developed or perhaps I should say the colonies, since the land that would become the Eastern United Statesuh.there were British colonies there four hundred yea

5、rs ago. But anywayuh. development in the colonies differed greatly depending on geography. I am looking for papers that have ideas about something that happened one way in the Northern colonies happened a different way in the Southern colonies.Is that true in terms of urban planning?Very true. Towns

6、 in the Northern colonies were centralized and compact. They provided a meeting point for exchanging goods, for participatory government, and for practicing religion. Houses would be built along the roads that led into town. And just outside the developed area, there would usually be an open area of

7、 some sort for grazing animals and also group activities. Actually, the model for planning a town in the Northern colonies was not unlike the model for the development of towns in medieval Europe. After all, the colonists had just come from Europe and the medieval period was just ended.Medieval Euro

8、pe. But what about the South? If I remember correctly. In the South, at least initially, they didnt build towns so much as they built trading posts.s right. Most of the settlers in the North wanted to start a whole new life. But most of the people who came from Europe to the South just wanted to mak

9、e some money and then go back. It is not surprising that some of most common buildings were storage facilities and port facilities.Lecture l-Music Ancient Greek Music & PlatoListen to part of a lecture in a music class.Today we are going to do something a little different. In the past few classes, w

10、eve listened to traditional music from around the world and weve talked about the characteristics of these music, what makes these styles distinctive, what kinds of instruments are used. And youve talked about what sounds familiar to you and what sounds strange. And many of you found some of what we

11、ve listened to very strange indeed.Well, today I want to start talking about western music and I am going to start in ancient Greece. But, now heres the part thats different. Were not going to talk very much about the actual music. Instead, we are going to talk about what the Greeks believed about m

12、usic.Now, there are some very good reasons to approach the material in this way. First, well, we dont have very much ancient Greek music studied. Only about 45 pieces surviveduh.these are mostly records of poems and songs. And we are not sure how well we can reproduce the melodies or rhythms, becaus

13、e they were apparently improvised in many cases. So we really dont know all that much about what the music sounded like.What we do know about - and this really is the most important reason I am approaching todays lecture the way I am - is the Greek philosophy about music and its continuing influence

14、 on western attitudes toward music.Now, if were going to understand the philosophy, we have to first understand that music for the Greeks was about much more than entertainment. Yes, there was music at festivals and we have sculptures and paintings showing people listening to music for many of the s

15、ame reasons that we do. But this isnt the whole story.The important thing about music was that it was governed by rules, mathematical rules. And for those of you who are also studying music theory, youll see that it is in fact highly mathematical. Um.and for the Greeks, the same mathematical princip

16、les that govern music also govern the universe as well as the human character, the essence of personality. Peoples characters were believed to be very sensitive to music.1f you started playing around with the rules, you know, messing up the mathematical order, you could do serious harm. Thats why mu

17、sic was considered so powerful, if you knew the rules, it could do great good. But if you broke them, you could do great harm to the character of the listener. So, we have this Greek idea that music is directly related to human character and behavior.The philosopher, Plato, talks about this in the c

18、ontext of education. For Plato, music is an important element in education, but only the right kind of music. That means the kind of music that builds the kind of character a good citizen or a future leader would need. Yes. For Plato, there is a kind of music that instills the qualities of leadershi

19、p, just as there is a kind of music that makes a person soft and weak. Now, Plato has very specific, very conventional kinds of music in mind. He is not fond of innovation. There were musicians in Platos day who were experimenting with different melodies and rhythms. A definite no-no for Plato. He t

20、hinks that breaking with tradition leads to all sorts of social problems, serious problems, even the breakdown of the fabric of society. I am thinking back now to when I first started listening to rock n roll and I remember my father saying it was a bad influence on us. I think he would have gotten

21、along well with Plato.Anyway, I dont need to tell you what I think about Platos ideas about innovation, do l? Though I have to say its interesting that the same arguments against new music and art are still being made. Perhaps like the Greeks, we recognize, and maybe even fear the power of music.Lec

22、ture 2-Geology Movement of Tectonic Plates Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. As weve discussed, Earths crust is made up of large plates that rest on a mantle of molten rock. These platesuh.now these tectonic plates support the continents and oceans. Over time, the tectonic plates move

23、and shift, which moves the continents and the ocean floors too. Once it was understood how these plates move, it was possible to determine past movements of Earths continents and how these slow movements have reshaped Earths features at different times.OK. Well, （as） studying the movements of the pl

24、ates can tell us about the location of the continents in the past, it can conceivably tell us about their location in the future too, right? So, in recent years, some geologists have used plate tectonic theory to make what they call geopredictions. Geopredictions are guesses about what Earths surfac

25、e might look like millions of years from now.So, we know how certain continents are currently moving. For example, the continents of Africa has been creeping north toward Europe. And Australia has been making its way north too, toward Asia. Does anyone know whats happening to the Americas? l.l think

26、 weve talked about that before. Lisa?They are moving westward, away from Europe and Africa. Right?Right. And what makes us think that?The Atlantic Ocean floor is spreading and getting wider, so there is more ocean between the Americas and Europe and Africa.OK. And why is it spreading?Well, the seafl

27、oor is spilt. There is a ridge, a mountain range that runs north and south there. And the rock material flows up from Earths interior here, at the split, which forces the two sides of the ocean floor to spread apart, to make room for the new rock material.Good. And that means, over the short termuha

28、nd by short term I mean 50 million years, thats a blink of the eye in geological time. Umover the short term, we can predict that the Americas will continue to move westward, farther away from Europe, while Africa and Australia will continue to move northward.But what about over the long term? Say 2

29、50 million years or more. Well, over that length of time, forecasts become more uncertain. But lots of geologists predict that eventually all the continents, including Antarctica, will merge and become one giant land mass, a super continent, one researchers calling Pangaea Ultima, which more or less

30、 means the last super continent. Now, how that might happen is open to some debate. Some geologists believe that the Americas will continue to move westward and eventually merge with East Asia. This hypothesis is based on the direction the Americas are moving in now. But others hypothesize that a new super continent will form in a different way. They think that a new subduction zone will might occur at the western edge of the Atlantic Ocean.Paul, can you remind us what a subduction zone is?Yeah. Um.basically, a subduction zone is where two tectonic plat