国际财务治理课后习题答案chapter 8Word格式.docx

1、2. Discuss and compare hedging transaction exposure using the forward contract vs. money market instruments. When do the alternative hedging approaches produce the same result? Hedging transaction exposure by a forward contract is achieved by selling or buying foreign currency receivables or payable

2、s forward. On the other hand, money market hedge is achieved by borrowing or lending the present value of foreign currency receivables or payables, thereby creating offsetting foreign currency positions. If the interest rate parity is holding, the two hedging methods are equivalent.3. Discuss and co

3、mpare the costs of hedging via the forward contract and the options contract. There is no up-front cost of hedging by forward contracts. In the case of options hedging, however, hedgers should pay the premiums for the contracts up-front. The cost of forward hedging, however, may be realized ex post

4、when the hedger regrets his/her hedging decision.4. What are the advantages of a currency options contract as a hedging tool compared with the forward contract? The main advantage of using options contracts for hedging is that the hedger can decide whether to exercise options upon observing the real

5、ized future exchange rate. Options thus provide a hedge against ex post regret that forward hedger might have to suffer. Hedgers can only eliminate the downside risk while retaining the upside potential.5. Suppose your company has purchased a put option on the German mark to manage exchange exposure

6、 associated with an account receivable denominated in that currency. In this case, your company can be said to have an insurance policy on its receivable. Explain in what sense this is so. Your company in this case knows in advance that it will receive a certain minimum dollar amount no matter what

7、might happen to the $/ exchange rate. Furthermore, if the German mark appreciates, your company will benefit from the rising euro.6. Recent surveys of corporate exchange risk management practices indicate that many U.S. firms simply do not hedge. How would you explain this result? There can be many

8、possible reasons for this. First, many firms may feel that they are not really exposed to exchange risk due to product diversification, diversified markets for their products, etc. Second, firms may be using self-insurance against exchange risk. Third, firms may feel that shareholders can diversify

9、exchange risk themselves, rendering corporate risk management unnecessary. 7. Should a firm hedge? Why or why not? In a perfect capital market, firms may not need to hedge exchange risk. But firms can add to their value by hedging if markets are imperfect. First, if management knows about the firms

10、exposure better than shareholders, the firm, not its shareholders, should hedge. Second, firms may be able to hedge at a lower cost. Third, if default costs are significant, corporate hedging can be justifiable because it reduces the probability of default. Fourth, if the firm faces progressive taxe

11、s, it can reduce tax obligations by hedging which stabilizes corporate earnings.8. Using an example, discuss the possible effect of hedging on a firms tax obligations. One can use an example similar to the one presented in the chapter. 9. Explain contingent exposure and discuss the advantages of usi

12、ng currency options to manage this type of currency exposure. Companies may encounter a situation where they may or may not face currency exposure. In this situation, companies need options, not obligations, to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange they may or may not receive or have to pay

13、. If companies either hedge using forward contracts or do not hedge at all, they may face definite currency exposure.10. Explain cross-hedging and discuss the factors determining its effectiveness. Cross-hedging involves hedging a position in one asset by taking a position in another asset. The effe

14、ctiveness of cross-hedging would depend on the strength and stability of the relationship between the two assets.PROBLEMS1. Cray Research sold a super computer to the Max Planck Institute in Germany on credit and invoiced 10 million payable in six months. Currently, the six-month forward exchange ra

15、te is $ and the foreign exchange advisor for Cray Research predicts that the spot rate is likely to be $ in six months.（a） What is the expected gain/loss from the forward hedging?（b） If you were the financial manager of Cray Research, would you recommend hedging this euro receivable?（c） Suppose the

16、foreign exchange advisor predicts that the future spot rate will be the same as the forward exchange rate quoted today. Would you recommend hedging in this case?Solution: （a） Expected gain（$） = 10,000,000 = 10,000,000（.05）= $500,000.（b） I would recommend hedging because Cray Research can increase th

17、e expected dollar receipt by $500,000 and also eliminate the exchange risk.（c） Since I eliminate risk without sacrificing dollar receipt, I still would recommend hedging.2. IBM purchased computer chips from NEC, a Japanese electronics concern, and was billed 250 million payable in three months. Curr

18、ently, the spot exchange rate is 105/$ and the three-month forward rate is 100/$. The three-month money market interest rate is 8 percent per annum in the U.S. and 7 percent per annum in Japan. The management of IBM decided to use the money market hedge to deal with this yen account payable.（a） Expl

19、ain the process of a money market hedge and compute the dollar cost of meeting the yen obligation.（b） Conduct the cash flow analysis of the money market hedge. （a）. Lets first compute the PV of 250 million, ., 250m/ = 245,700,So if the above yen amount is invested today at the Japanese interest rate

20、 for three months, the maturity value will be exactly equal to 25 million which is the amount of payable.To buy the above yen amount today, it will cost: $2,340, = 250,000,000/105.The dollar cost of meeting this yen obligation is $2,340, as of today.（b） _ Transaction CF0 CF1_1. Buy yens spot -$2,340

21、, with dollars 2. Invest in Japan - 245,700, 250,000,0003. Pay yens - Net cash flow - $2,340,3. You plan to visit Geneva, Switzerland in three months to attend an international business conference. You expect to incur the total cost of SF 5,000 for lodging, meals and transportation during your stay.

22、 As of today, the spot exchange rate is $SF and the three-month forward rate is $SF. You can buy the three-month call option on SF with the exercise rate of $SF for the premium of $ per SF. Assume that your expected future spot exchange rate is the same as the forward rate. The three-month interest

23、rate is 6 percent per annum in the United States and 4 percent per annum in Switzerland.（a） Calculate your expected dollar cost of buying SF5,000 if you choose to hedge via call option on SF.（b） Calculate the future dollar cost of meeting this SF obligation if you decide to hedge using a forward con

24、tract.（c） At what future spot exchange rate will you be indifferent between the forward and option market hedges?（d） Illustrate the future dollar costs of meeting the SF payable against the future spot exchange rate under both the options and forward market hedges. （a） Total option premium = （.05）（5

25、000） = $250. In three months, $250 is worth $ = $250. At the expected future spot rate of $SF, which is less than the exercise price, you dont expect to exercise options. Rather, you expect to buy Swiss franc at $SF. Since you are going to buy SF5,000, you expect to spend $3,150 （=.63x5,000）. Thus,

26、the total expected cost of buying SF5,000 will be the sum of $3,150 and $, ., $3,.（b） $3,150 = （.63）（5,000）.（c） $3,150 = 5,000x + , where x represents the break-even future spot rate. Solving for x, we obtain x = $SF. Note that at the break-even future spot rate, options will not be exercised.（d） If

27、 the Swiss franc appreciates beyond $SF, which is the exercise price of call option, you will exercise the option and buy SF5,000 for $3,200. The total cost of buying SF5,000 will be $3, = $3,200 + $.This is the maximum you will pay.4. Boeing just signed a contract to sell a Boeing 737 aircraft to A

28、ir France. Air France will be billed 20 million which is payable in one year. The current spot exchange rate is $ and the one-year forward rate is $. The annual interest rate is % in the U.S. and % in France. Boeing is concerned with the volatile exchange rate between the dollar and the euro and wou

29、ld like to hedge exchange exposure. （a） It is considering two hedging alternatives: sell the euro proceeds from the sale forward or borrow euros from the Credit Lyonnaise against the euro receivable. Which alternative would you recommend? Why?（b） Other things being equal, at what forward exchange rate would Boeing be indifferent between the two hedging methods? （a） In the case of forward hedge, the future dollar proceeds will be （20,000,000） = $22,000,000. In the case of money market hedge （MMH）, the firm has to first borrow the PV of its euro receivable,