英美概况美国部分整理Word格式文档下载.docx

1、Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men （no women）Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans （“Pilgrim Fathers”）, in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth （todays M

2、assachusetts）; and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact ：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons: 1. religious disputes and struggl

3、es in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity （邻近）Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends （another group of English Protestant）William Penn, the

4、founderGranted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics.South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven （港口，避难所） for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their

5、debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants （WASPs）Reasons to immigrate: 1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World （Protestant work ethic）3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳工）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of Europe

6、an cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms 2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity （弹性，灵活性）,tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事

7、件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England Rival; seven years war （1756-1763） FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other English colonies in America attack Indians波士顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow t

8、he East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies. Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Co

9、ntinental Congresses 两次大陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 权利和不满宣言Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声导火索）April 19, 1775; Gunsho

10、ts at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense

11、and The American Crisis Declaration of Independence独立宣言During the 2nd Continental CongressA committee,（composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members）To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776 （Independence Day / the Na

12、tional Day of the US）was a milestone in American history. It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienab

13、le Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the peop

14、le to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government.” - Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc. 来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Locke equality and freedomuniversal; beyond Amer

15、ican boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实力对比England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy none High morale- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyali

16、sts such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the Briti

17、sh army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwalli

18、s （康沃利斯） surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independence new problems 1） how to make use of the new territory -allo

19、w the founding of new states equality and democracy2） not very closely united -13 separate states rather than a united country 3） economic difficulties- trade problem with Britain -debts because of the Independance War- increasing tax and Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts The need for a new Governmen

20、t was felt May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution-completed on September 17, 1787-Constitution

21、al Day of the US The Father of the Constitution: James Madison Bill of Rights（1789）: 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press, the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms, the right against unreasonable searches and seizure

22、s, the right against self-incrimination（自证其罪）-the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.-a defense line against violations of human rights 政治体制见另一张Territorial Expansion 领土扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as t

23、he First President by a unanimous vote in New York （provisional capital）1） success in transforming the states into a union 2） Economy witnessed development the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领土扩张方式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mex

24、ican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间-third US President in 1801 -emphasized development of agriculture and commerce -favored the westward expansion Louisiana Purchase,

25、 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion 2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US 1） stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest 2）appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas Cities The Mexican War （1846-1

26、848 ） 过程- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana.- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westwar

27、d Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west （end of 18th- first half of 19th century） reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributi

28、ng factors:-the war 1812 drove the native Indians-the Federal government built roads and canals - The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807. - government policy: land for sale-the Homestead Act 宅地法 （1862 President Lincoln）Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance an

29、d importance西进运动的重要性和影响- Frontiersmens Influence Positive:on Politics：-Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and Grant Expanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrialization On transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value-das