新编跨文化交际英语教程cases参考答案 中英文版文档格式.docx

1、In this case, Richards mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your p

2、ictures are in.在这种情况下，理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上，因为食物只是设置或借口。对他的主人和女主人来说，这就好像他参加了一个艺术展，并恭维那位艺术家说:“你的画的画框多漂亮啊!”In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itselfbe it a family or a vast corporationis more

3、valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. 在日本，情况可能更为复杂。日本人重视群体中人与人之间的秩序与和谐，而组织本身无论是家庭还是大型企业比任何特定成员的特点更受重视。

4、相反，美国人强调个性作为一种价值，当他们与群体的目标或价值观有合理的冲突时，他们倾向于主张个体差异。In this case: Richards mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others

5、of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly. 在这种情况下:理查德的错误在于努力为自己辩护。让其他人认为这些错误不是故意的，但是为自己辩护是不对的，即使你没有说明的意图是通过警告其他人类似的错误来帮助团队。一个简单的道歉和接受指责是适当的。但是对可怜的理查

6、德来说，仅仅是道歉，在他看来就是卑躬屈膝，没有男子气概。When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. 说到英国，我们认为美国人和英国人之间的问题比美国人和几乎任何其他民族之间的问题都要少。In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed

7、 in this gesture: for Americans, Help yourself; for the English counterpart, Be my guest. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who makes himself at

8、 home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude. 在这种情况下，我们可能会把目光从吃糖或奶油的手势转移到这个手势所表达的价值观上:对美国人来说，请自便;对于英国人来说，-请便。美国人和英国人同样喜欢娱乐和被娱乐，但他们在区别的价值上有所不同

9、。一般来说，美国人聚会上最理想的客人是那些把自己当成自己家的人，甚至到了开门或自己准备饮料的地步。对于许多其他社会的人来说，至少包括这个假想的英国主人，这样的客人行为是放肆或粗鲁的。Case 2【page 23-24】 A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. 课堂上常见的文化误解包括直接沟通方式和间接沟通方式的冲突。In Ameri

10、can culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. 在美国文化中，人们倾向于说出心中所想，言出必行。因此，在课堂上，学生应该在需要澄清的时候提出问题。Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some si

11、tuations, and thats why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. 在某些情况下，墨西哥文化与美国文化有相同的风格偏好，这就是为什么墨西哥学生在课堂上很容易采用提问技巧的原因。However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to r

12、ely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. 但是，韩国人一般比较喜欢间接的交流方式，所以他们倾向于不直接说出自己的想法，更多的依靠暗示和推理，从而做到礼貌和尊重，避免因为任何不当的言语行为而丢面子。As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect

13、for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. 正如案例中提到的，对许多韩国人来说，无数的问题会显示出对老师的不尊重，也会反映出学生学习不够努力。Case 3 【page 24-25】The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didnt realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a memb

14、er of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepti

15、ng. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem （the batteries running out）. 这里的冲突是文化价值观和信仰的差异。一开始，玛丽并没有意识到她的多米尼加姐姐把她当成了家里的一员。在多米尼加人看来，家庭财产是由每个家庭成员共享的。卢茨的行为就像

16、大多数多米尼加姐妹那样，每次都是不经请求就借钱。一旦玛丽明白有另一种看待这件事的方式，她就会变得更能接受。然而，当这种事情再次发生时，她可能仍然会经历同样的挫折。她必须找到方法来处理她自己的情感文化反应和她的实际问题（电池用完了）。Case 4 【page 25】It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People

17、from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who

18、 drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner - not because you dont think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more

19、distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. 这可能只是不同节奏的问题。美国人在他们的个人和家庭关系中，在他们的友好和他们的慈善事业中都有一个节奏。来自其他文化的人有不同的节奏。美国人的节奏很快。它的特点是迅速接受他人。然而，美国人很少完全投入到友谊中去。他们的友谊是温暖的，但也很随意，而且很专一。例如，你有一个邻居早上过来喝咖啡。你经常见到她，但你从不请她吃饭不是因为你认为她拿不动刀叉，而是因为你那天早上见过她。因此，你

20、会为那些住在城市较偏远地区的人保留更正式的晚餐邀请，除非你在一个特殊的场合发出邀请，否则你是不会见到他们的。Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this - see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner. Americans are, in

21、 other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they dont feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other c

22、ultures would be hurt very deeply. 现在，如果第一个朋友搬走了，第二个搬到附近，你可能会逆转这种情况在早上与第二个朋友非正式地喝咖啡，而第一个朋友会被你正式地邀请去吃晚餐。换句话说，美国人常常被自己的方便所引导。他们很容易交到朋友，当他们觉得不方便的时候，他们不觉得有必要去见朋友，而且通常没有人受到伤害。但是在类似的情况下，来自其他文化的人会受到很大的伤害。Case 5 【page 60-61】In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest

23、, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or h

24、e may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth. However, what we hav

25、e to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just t

26、rying to behave like an American when she was in an American family. 在中国，通常不礼貌地接受第一次报价，而和平却谦虚，礼貌且举止端正，并打算在第二次或第三次报价中接受啤酒。但是他没有想到北美的规则，该规则坚决禁止您向任何人推酒。一个人可能由于宗教原因不喝酒，可能是重度酗酒的人，或者可能是过敏的。不管规则背后的原因是什么，您都不要坚持喝酒。他们的文化规则是如此的无意识和强大，以至于美国人也从未有礼貌地向和平人第二次提供啤酒，和平人可能认为北美人最不诚实。但是，我们要记住的是，对于所有人而言，文化很少是严格的，或者在每种情况下都

27、不是严格的，而且总是存在个体差异。这位年轻的中国护士可能与和平大不相同，或者与和平不同，她可能对美国的文化规则有所了解，只是想在美国家庭中表现得像美国人一样。Case 6 【page 61】When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speakers meaning and hearers meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ?How long is she goi

28、ng to stay? she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litzs question to mean Litz doe

29、s not want me to stay for long. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-laws arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law he

30、ar it. 当说话者对听众说出话时，至少涉及三种含义：话语含义，说话者的含义和听众的含义。在对话中，当丽兹（Litz）说“她要待多久？”时，她的意思是说，如果她知道婆婆要在芬兰待多久，她将能够为她做适当的安排。 ，例如带她出去观光。 但是，她的岳母听见了谈话，并以莉兹的问题来表示“莉兹不想让我呆很久”。从中国人的角度来看，丽兹在婆婆刚到的两天后问这样一个问题似乎是不合适的。 如果她觉得自己必须问这个问题，最好过一会儿再问，而且她不应该让婆婆听到。Case 7 【page 62】Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and dont have one to