考研英语阅读翻译文档格式.docx

1、罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，并且是西班牙国王允许的唯一。虽然大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方，但是一些领导人却试图结束将其他信仰排斥在外的局面。保护教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。paragraph 3早期的独立领导人的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔曾从海地获得了援助，作为回报，他承诺在他解放的地区废除奴隶制。到1854 年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，其他地方的奴隶制都已经被废除。先前做出的结束印第安人进贡和停止向混血人种征税的承诺实现起来就缓慢得多，因为新国家仍然需要这些政策产生的财政收入。平等主义思想经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这些担忧就是普通大众还没有为自治和做好准备。

2、By 1830,the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative gov

3、ernment, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by

4、 a common set of laws.On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement among the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown. while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the offici

5、al religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and h

6、ad promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spains remaining colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies p

7、roduced.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.Section II Reading Comprehension 1如果你查一下2006年世界杯足球锦标赛所有参赛队员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往在一年的前几个月出生。如果再关注一下为世界杯和职业球队输送人才的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一现象更加突出。是什么原因导致了这种奇怪现象的发生呢

8、？人们有如下猜测：a） 某些星座的人更具有足球天赋；b）冬天出生的孩子往往具有较大的氧容量，这增强了他们在足球运动中的耐力；c）对足球狂热的夫妇更可能在春季怀孕，因为那是一年中足球赛事的高峰期；d）以上观点都不对。58岁的安德斯埃里克森是弗罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信“以上推测都不正确”。埃里克森生长于瑞典,开始时学习核工程,后来他意识到如果转学心理学，会获得更多进行专业研究的机会。大约30年前他进行了第一次实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听一串随机数字，然后重复出来。埃里克森回忆说：第一个被测试对象经过20个小时的训练后，他所记住的数字跨度从7位增加到20位他不断进步，在200 个小时的

9、训练后，他能记住的数字增加到80位。paragraph 4这次实验的成功以及后来的研究工作表明，记忆本身并不是由遗传所决定的。埃里克森得出结论：记忆是与其是一种直觉活动，不如说是一种认知活动。换句话说，无论两个人在记忆能力方面表现出什么先天性差异，它们都将被个人的信息编码能力所掩盖。埃里克森认为：学习对信息进行有意义的编码的最佳方式是有意识地练习。有意识地练习不仅仅是简单地重复某一任务，它涉及指定具体目标、获得即时反馈、方法和结果并重。paragraph 5埃里克森和他的同事们由此开始对众多领域（包括足球领域）的佼佼者进行研究。他们竭尽所能搜集到的数据中，不仅仅包括工作绩效统计数字、成长细节，

10、还包括他们实验对象中表现优秀者的测试结果。他们的实验得出了令人惊讶的结论：我们通常称之为“天赋”的遗传特征被过分看重了。换句话说，不管是在记忆力、外科领域、芭蕾舞，还是计算机编程方面表现出色的人几乎都是后天培养的，而不是天生的。If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to h

11、ave been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strangephenomenonto be even more pronounced. What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a

12、few guesses：a）certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b）winter-born babies tend to have higheroxygencapacity, which increases soccerstamina;c） soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d）none of the above.Anders Ericsson

13、,a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,

14、nearly 30 years ago,involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.”With the first subject,after about 20 hours of training,his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.”He kept improving,and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80

15、numbers.” This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities t

16、o memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves

17、 setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biogr

18、aphical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way,expert performerswhether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programmingare nearly a

19、lways made,not born.Section II Reading Comprehension 2在过去的几年里，星期日报增刊parade上出现一个名为“问 问 玛 丽 莲”的特写专栏。 人们被邀请向玛丽莲沃斯萨万特提问，她在10岁时测得的智力水平相当于23岁左右的常人，智商高达228，是有记录的最高智商值。智商测试让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他一些类似的任务。因此当沃斯萨万特能够回答（智商为100的）普通人所提出的问题时，像是：爱和喜欢之间的区别是什么?运气和巧合的本质是什么?这多少让人有些困惑。形象思维能力和推导数列的能力如何让一个

20、人能够回答一些优秀诗人和哲学家都难以回答的问题，其中的原因还不得而知。显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢?智力中有多大比例能够详细进行解释呢?我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢?虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商数。测试主要采用两种形式：一种是斯坦福比奈智力量表，一种是温切斯勒智力量表（两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本）。尽管这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上占有一席之地，它们通常只由心理学家进行测试，花费为几百美元。像vos Savant那样的超高分数不再可能出现，这是因为现在的计分建立在同龄人的人口分布统计

21、数学的基础上，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以胜利年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化考试，如SAT和GRE，借鉴了智商测试的主要方面。Robert J .Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。 在他的“智商测试有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评价了分析和语言能力，而没有评估创造力和实践知识，而后者对解决问题和在生活中取得成功至关重要。此外，一旦人口或环境发生改变，智商测试就测得不准确了。研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能预测领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力负相关，即它预测的容正好相反。任何

22、一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228-t

23、he highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe（whose IQ is 100） as

24、:Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence enco

25、mpasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ

26、tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and childrens version）.Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists,although

27、 variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other sta

28、ndardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT）and the Graduate Record Exam（GRE）,capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is

29、 Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situat

30、ions change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions,but under high stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadershipthat is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters,whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.Section II Reading Comprehension 3在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病中诊断或夫妻离异都可能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月变成新的贫困户。