1、名词性从句 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分,引导一个完整的句子连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 它们充当从句中的某个成分,因此从句的成分有残缺)连接副词:when, whenever ,where,w
2、herever, how, why 在从句中做副词用,引导一个完整的句子比较:whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or not Whether he will come or not is not clear.(一)主语从句(Subject Clause)定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.1、that 引导(1)连接词用that。that没有任何意义,不可省略,只是表示that后面的句子是一个主语;(
3、2)语序不变,即陈述语序;(3)主从时态一致,当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。例句:(1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.(he finished writing the composition in such a short time 是一个完整的句子,具备主谓宾语,that没有任何意义)2、if或whether 引导(1)连接词用if或whether(or not),可译为是否;引导一个完整的句子(2)语序恢复成
4、陈述语序;(3)主从时态保持一致。 (3)主从时态保持一致,当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。 例句:Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.3、what ,who ,whom, which, whose(疑问代词) 要在从句中充当成分where ,when, how, why(疑问副词)不在从句中充当成分(1)连接词用特殊疑问词;(2)语序恢复成陈述语序;(3)主从时态一致当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。例句:1
5、、 Who will be our monitor hast been decided yet.2. Who should do the work is uncertain.4、 Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.5、What caused the accident remains unknown.6、When we come back is not decided .注意:为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it放在主语位置,真正主语搁置于句末(1)It is certain that he will win t
6、he match.(2)It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.(二)宾语从句 宾语从句,由主谓宾构成的句子,当它的宾语部分是由一个句子充当时,这个句子就叫做有宾语从句的主从复合句。1、that 引导(1)连接词用that。that没有任何意义,可省略,只是表示that后面的句子是一个宾语;(2)语序不变,即陈述语序;(3)主从时态一致,当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去
7、时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。Xiao Ming said that his father was a teacher2、if或whether 引导(1)连接词用if或whether(or not),可译为是否;(2)语序恢复成陈述语序;(3)主从时态保持一致。 (3)主从时态保持一致, 当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。 例: I dont know whether I get the scholarship this year (or not).3、当直接引语为特殊疑问句时:what ,who ,whom, which, whose
8、(疑问代词) 要在从句中充当成分where ,when,how,why(疑问副词)不在从句中充当成分(1)连接词用特殊疑问词;(2)语序恢复成陈述语序;(3)主从时态一致。当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。 例如:I didt follow what the teacher said.(what 从句中充当said的宾语,主句过去时所以从句也要过去时) He tells me where he lives.(where 做副词用,he lives 已经是完整的句子)(三)表语从句 一 定义: A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。The pro
9、blem is puzzling.主语 系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 主语 系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句B 连接表语从句的连接词有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how.He has become a teacher.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour.She has remained where I stood
10、yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.二 注意:A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B 不可以用if
11、,而用whether 连接表语从句。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.C. 主从时态一致。当主句是一般现在时,从句可用任何时态;当主句是过去时,从句的时态要用相对应的过去时态。4、as if可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ag
12、o, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(四)同位语从句1、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。2、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion等。如: 3、英语中引导同位
13、语从句的词通有连词 that(最常用的同位语从句引导词),whether,连接副词 how,when,where。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)例句:(1)I have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 (2) He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。(3)Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoo
14、n 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。4、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 (1)同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如: The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 (同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。) The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 (定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。) (2)关系词在从句中是否做成分 。如:The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在同位语从句中不充当任何成份。) The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 (that在限制性定语从句中作gave的宾语。)
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