1、) I have been in the army for(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续(由 since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状 例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.至U目前为注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come, go, arrive, leave, join , become, die等。 (2)现在完成时常见两种句型: 主语+ have / has been + for 短语 It is+ 段时间+ since 从句 例
2、如:He has been in the League for three years.或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他 入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作, 这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。女口: learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。 终止性动词也称
3、非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, fini sh, beg in, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。4、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时, 其完成时态可与表示段时间”的状语连用。表示段时间”的短语有:fortwo years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。I have learned English since I came her
4、e. 自从我来到这儿就学英语了。2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的 点时间状语连用。It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误)rain为延续性动词,而 at eight表示点时间”,前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正)又如:-Whe n did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -The n youve known each othe
5、r for more tha n two years. -Thats right.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成, 因此可用于现在完成时。 The train has arrived.火车到了。 Haveyou joi ned the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用 (只限肯定式)。 (1)他死了三年了。 误: He has died for three years. 正: He has been dead for three years. 正:He died th
6、ree years ago. 正: It is three years since he died. 正: Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。He has come here for five days. 正: He has been here for five days. 正: He came here five days ago. 正: It is five days since he came here. 正: Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come
7、为终止性动词,不能与表示 ”段时间”的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法: (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例: leaver be away, borrow keep, buy have, beg in /start be on, die be dead,move to t live in, finish be over, jo in be in/be a member of, ope n sth. keep sth. ope n, fall ill be ill, get uptbe up, catch a c
8、oldthave a cold。 (2)将句中表示”段时间”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。 (3)用句型It is+段时间+since.表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正 (4)用句型”时间+has passed+sinee.表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。 3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。He has nt left here si nee 1986. I have nt heard from my father for two weeks. 4.终止性动词的否定式与until/til
9、l 连用,构成not+ 终止性动词 +until/till .的句型,意为直到 才 。如:You cant leave here untilI arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。 I will n ot go to bed un til I finish drawi ng the picture toni ght. 今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。 5.终止性动词可以用于 when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。 when表示的时间是(从句谓语动词用终止性动词 ),也可以是”段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过
10、程, 从句谓语动词用延续 性动词。 When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach 为终止性动词 ) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语 )6.终止性动词完成时不可与 how long连用(只限于肯定式)。How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here? 正: When did you come here?7.瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用I h
11、aven t seen you for a long time好久没见到你了。延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)rve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。 (表经历)2) 用于till / until从句的差异作为延续动词一般用于肯定句,表示 ”做直到作为瞬间动词一般用于否定句,表示 ”到,才He did nt come back un til ten oclock.他到 10 点才回来。He s
12、lept tll ten oclock.他一直睡到 10 点。现在完成时态中终止性动词与延续性动词 英语中的动词根据词汇意义可分为动作动词和状态动词, 其中动作动词又可细分为终止性动词(或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非持续性动词、界限性动词)和持续 性动词(或称为延续性动词);表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词,表示持续一段时间的动词 叫持续性动词。这种依据动作是否可以延续的分类在英语中是一种极其重要而又非常有价值的,使用时一 定要格外小心,不然就会犯错误。 一、现在完成时态的结构 是have/has +V 动词过去分词.英语中常见的终止性动词有: leave, go, come, ar
13、rive , begin, buy, borrow , die, join , become, marry , graduate,become等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成,所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式 既不能与表示一段时间的状语 for +时间段或since +时间点连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句: 我哥哥参军两年了。 My brother has joined the army for two years .(误) 我哥哥自1999年就参军 了。My brother has joi ned the army si nee 1999 .(误
14、) 你哥哥参军多久了? How long has your brother joined the army ?(误) 如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为,则必须借助 come (表示动作的渐进过程),begin,get (表示动作的变化过程) 等动词。I studied English thirteen years ago .(误)I began to study English thirteen years ago .(正) When did you know him ? (误) When did you get to know him ? (正)二、终止性动词肯定形式可使用完成体,但其肯定形式的
15、完成体不能与一段时间状语连用。 可用以下三种方法替换: 时态替换法 将时间状语改为“时间段+ ago”,句中谓语动词用一般过去时。 Mybrother joined the army two years ago . The old man died ten years ago . He left his hometown thirty years ago.句型替换法 用It is (或has been)+时间段+ since句型改写,该句型中 since后面的谓语动词多为点动词,且常用一般过去时。 It is (或has bee n) two years si nee my brother j
16、oi ned thearmy. It is ten years since the old man died . It is (或 has been) thirty years since he left his hometown . 注: Itis / hasbee n. since.句型中的动词若为持续性动词,计时的起点是 si nee句中动词结束之点。不然应将 si nee 句中的动词改为 begi n to do sth .。 Its five years si nee he studied En glish .他不学英语已五年了。s five years si nee he bega
17、 n to study En glish.他学英语已五年了。 用一段时间+ has / havepassed since S+ V-ed 句型改写。 Two years has / have passed since my brother joined the army . Thirty years has / have passed si nee he left his hometow n . 动词替换法 若保留 for +时间段,si nee +时间点或用在how long句型中,需将终止性动词改为相应的持续性动词或状态动词。 My brother has beenin the army
18、for two years . Jack has been a postman for about six years . When he came home , I had been asleep for three hours . Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages . How longhave you bee n here ? About two mon ths .三、常见终止性动词与持续性动词 (或状态动词)的对应关系如下: leave宀be away (from )离开borrowt
19、 keep 借 finish / end / stop be over 结束 /完成 join the army be / serve in the army / be a soldier 入 伍/参军 join the Party t be in the Party / be a Party member 入党 / (入团 / 入 WTO 等) catch / get a cold t have a cold 感冒 fall asleepT be asleep 睡着 go to school t be in school / be a student 上学 go abroad- be abr
20、oad 去国夕卜 beginT be on 开始 put on (上演)t be on 上演 buyt have 买 becomet be 成为 marry t be married (to)结婚 wake up tbe awake 醒 make friends with t be friends with 成为 / 交朋友 loseT be lost / be missing / be gone 丢失 lose ones job /workt be out of work / a job open/ciose /die tbe open/closed/dead开办/关闭/死 短暂性动词变延续
21、性动词 (一定变为对应的过去分词规则 +ed,不规则看过去分词表):写出括号中的中文意思 :1).has /have joined - has /have been (a member ) in+ 组织(加入)2) has /have come/g one /got/ arrived - has /have bee n to ( / / / ) has /have beg un - has /have bee n on()3) has /have borrowed - has /have kept ( ) 4) has /have bought - has /have had ( ) 5) h
22、as /have left - has/have bee n away from ( ) 6) has /have ope ned /closed/died -has /have bee n ope n /closed/dead()非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)I have received his letter for a mon th.(对)I have nt received his letter for almost a mon th.典型例题1.You dont n eed to describe her. I her se
23、veral times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I here only a few minu tes.A. have bee n B. had bee n C. was D. will be1.答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次, several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别以上两种时态是时态部分难点,
24、首先,为什么要将这两种时态放在一起讨论?1. Who put forward the suggesti on?2.When did he leave?3.She ofte n came to help us.(他过去常来帮我们。4.I didn t know you were so busy.(我没想到你这么忙。以上各句中用的都是一般过去时,显然,说话的人是强调过去某时发生的动作或情况。5.How many pages have you covered today?6.I haven t seen him for many days.7.I ve always walked to work.8
25、.The stude nts have already left.9.The city has take n on a new look.10.Thank you. I ve had my supper.以上各句用的都是现在完成时,可以看出,与一般过去时一样,现在完成时所表示的动作也是发生在过去(说话以前),但它强调的是:1) 动作从过去持续到说话这一时刻(例 5-7)2) 过去的动作对现状有某种影响(例 8-10),说话人强调的是现在如何。注意在现在完成时的第一种用法中,时间状语常用 for;since短语(从句) We haven t seen each other for many ye
26、ars./ since he left 10 years ago.此时(主句)谓语动词不能用非延续性动词。*He has left home for many years.(错误)*He has been away from home for many years.( 正确)*He has died si nee 1990. (错误)*He has been dead since 1990.(正确)1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、 存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对”现在产生的影响。也可表示过去习惯性的动作,不涉及与现在的关系如: Hevisit
27、ed Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)2.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。以及过去已开始并延续到现在的动作,与现在有着密切的关系,不与确定的过去时间状语连用。 Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑 )3.两种时态的区分 (1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是 ”助动词have/has + 过去分词 The film started at 7 o clock. He has been a teacher for many ye
28、ars. (2)一般过 去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等;而现在 完成时则常与 just, already, ever, never for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years,always,等副词和these days, this week, si nee., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。 看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别? Have you seen
29、the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B) 说明你看过这部电影吗? (A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过, 并不强调是否知道其内容。How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)说明他是怎么做的这件事? (A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响; (B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 88年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北8年,现在不在北京了。years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了京住了 8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。 (B)句讲的是他在北京住过3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态, 动词一般是延续性,女口 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, g
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