淮阴师范学院跨文化交际课程期末复习Word文件下载.docx

1、4.Globalization of the world economyIII. The Development of Intercultural Communication Study1. The development of Intercultural communication study in the U. S.Its easy to understand why the field of ICC has continued to prosper in the United States considering the following reasons: The country is

2、 a land of immigrants from many diverse cultures; There arc thousands of new immigrants entering the country every year; The U. S. has large numbers of foreign studenLs and tourists; and The American involvement in the global economy2. Intercultural communication studies in ChinaThe conceptual areas

3、 covered in those researches were mainly concerned with:1）Verbal communication （the relationship between language and culture: vocabulary, syntax, pragmatic rules, discourse pattern and translation）;2） Non-verbal communication;3） Comparative study of customs and behavior patterns in China and other

4、countries;4） Cultural differences in business management;5） Traditional Chinese value orientations and their impact on modernization, etc.IV. The Complexity in Learning Intercultural Communication1. The multidisciplinary nature and elements of intercultural communication studyJames Alutis summarized

5、 the multidisciplinary nature of ICC as LAPSE :L- Linguistics and languageA - AnthropologyP- Psycholinguistics and PsychologyS - Sociolinguistics and SociologyE - Education and EnglishIn addition to the above named disciplines, ICC is also related to several other disciplines, such asC- Communicatio

6、n studiesC - Cultural studies, etc.Elements of ICC StudyCondon （ 1974） highlighted three areas as most problematic in intercultural exchange: language barrier, different values and different cultural patterns of behavior. More specifically. Bell （1992 ） identified the following barriers to communica

7、tion;Physical time, environment. comfort and needs, and physical medium;Cultural ethnic, religious, and social differences;Perceptual viewing what is said from your own mindset;Motivational the listeners mental inertia;Experiential lack of similar life happenings;Emotional personal feelings of the l

8、istener;Linguistic different languages spoken by the speaker and listener or use of a vocabulary beyond the comprehension of the listener;Nonverbal nonword messages;Competition the listeners ability to do other things rather than hear the communication2. Potential problems in learning intercultural

9、communicationCommunication barriers are obstacles to effective communication.Bama suggests that there are six main stumbling blocks which often cause difficulties in intercultural communication;1） People tend to assume that there are more cultural similarities between themselves and people of other

10、cultures than there actually arc, and this can lead to misunderstanding.2）Language differences, obviously, are often a source of misunderstanding.3）People of different cultures often misinterpret each others non-veibal communication.4）People often have stereotypes and preconceptions about foreigners

11、 that lead to misunderstanding.5）People often evaluate what foreigners do and say before really understanding what they mean.6）When people interact with foreigners, they often have feelings of anxiety or stress, and this can lead them to jump to inaccurate conclusions. （One source of this stress is

12、sometimes cultural shock. ）Specifically, its generally agreed thai the potential problems in intercultural communication arc mainly the following:Avoidance of the unfamiliar Uncertainly reduction Withdrawal Stereotyping Prejudice Racism Misuse of power Culture shock Ethnocentrism Culture shock is pr

13、ecipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.people normally go through four stages （ the U-Curve）: honeymoon phase, culture shock phase, recovery phase and adjustment phase.Chapter 2 Basic Communication TheoriesI. Communication Definedw

14、e can see that the basic assumption is; Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interact with other human beings. Therefore, communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.the definition advanced by Samovar an

15、d Porter （ 1997） is preferred here: Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior. II. Needs and Functions of Communication1. Maslows hierarehy of needsOne much-used version of needs is that of Abraham Maslow, in which he describes people as being driven

16、by sets of needs in a hierarehy, from the most basic at the bottom to the most refined at the peak of a triangle.Basic needs are about food, shelter and sex. Just above that come the needs of safety having a roof over ones head and knowing that one belongs to some group like family. Then there are t

17、he social needs for things like love and friendship, which urge us into relationships. These are followed by ego and esteem needs, which are about us as individuals wanting self- respect, recognition, even power. Finally, at the top of the triangle comes the most sophisticated need for self-actualiz

18、ation. This is about self-fulfillment, about finding and being oneself.2. Functions of communication Practical function. Social function. Decision making function Personal growth functionIII. The Classification of CommunicationFrom the above discussion we can see that communication occurs when there

19、 are at least two or more people. there is some contact between communication. there is a language shared by communicators. there is an exchange of infommlion that has taken place.IV. The Process of Communication1. Components of communicationSamovar and Porter （1997） further define communication as

20、a dynamic transactional behavior-affecting process in which people behave intentionally to induce or elicit a particular response from another personSome people say eight specific components adding encoding and decoding. sender/behavior source encoding message medium/channel decoding recipient （rece

21、iver）/responder noise feedback2. Models of communicationAlthough there arc many models to describe the act of communication. three arc used here to illustrate the process; the linear, the circular, and the contextualized models.V. The Characteristics of CommunicationThese eight ingredients of commun

22、ication make up only a partial list of the factors that function during a communication event. Communication is Dynamic. Communication is Irreversible. Communication is Symbolic. Communication is Systemic. Communication is Self-reflective. Communication is Interactive. Communication is Complex. Comm

23、unication is Learned.VI. The Challenge of Effective Communication in Interpersonal EncountersEfficient communications between people of the same cultural background are extremely important, let alone intercultural communication between people of different cultural backgrounds.Chapter 3 The Nature of

24、 Culture.Definitions of Culture According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso. Beethoven e

25、tc. , you are talking about culture; Samovar & Porter（ 1996） define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a gr

26、oup of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. （ p. 36 ） We find this definition more suited to our purpose of studying intercultural communication. Simply put, culture is a system of meaning. But the most widely acccpted definition is:Culture is the total accumula

27、tion of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that arc shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. （Hall. 1983, p.230） More recently, Gary P. Fcrraro （1998, The Cultural Dimension of International Business, New Yo

28、rk: Prcnticc-Hall, Inc. ） offers a briefer definition;Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society, （p. 16）II. Basic Functions and Source of CultureDressier and Cams（ 1969） offer tthe following as the functions of culture:1. Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have learned and that we share in common.2. Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond to our actions.3. Culture gives us standards for distinguishing between what is considered right or wrong, beautiful and ugly, reas