计算机概念.docx

1、计算机概念Chapter 1Digital electronics use electronic circuits to represent dataComputer BasicsInput is whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer systemOutput is the result produced by a computerMemory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored,

2、or outputStorage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processingData refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideasA file is a named collection of data that exists on a storage mediumThe series of instructions that tells a comp

3、uter how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer programPersonal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and SupercomputersServer: It can refer to computer hardware, to a specific type of software, or to a combination of hardware and software. The purpose of a server is to serve computers

4、 on a network by supplying them with data.Mainframe Computer: A mainframe computer is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.Supercomputer: It is one of the fastest computers in the world.MicrocontrollersMicrocontroller: A microcon

5、troller is a special-purpose microprocessor that is built into the machine it controls. Sometimes called a computer-on-a-chip.Microprocessor: An integrated circuit (IC) that contains the circuitry for processing data. It is a single chip version of the central processing unit (CPU) found in all comp

6、uters.Chapter 2Desktop and Portable ComputersA desktop computer fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outletA portable computer is a small, lightweight personal computerA notebook computer (also referred to as a laptop), is a small, lightweight portable computer that opens like a

7、clamshell to reveal a screen and keyboardA tablet computer is a portable computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used as a writing or drawing padAn ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) is a small form factor tablet computer designed to run most of the software available for larger portable

8、 computersA home computer system offers a hardware platform with adequate, but not super-charged support for most computer applicationsComputers marketed for small business applications tend to be middle-of-the-line models pared down to essentials personal computer vs. business computerA Media Cente

9、r PC officially uses Windows MediaCenter Edition operating systemSome of the most cutting-edge computers are designed for gamingMicroprocessor BasicsA microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructionsCentral Processing Unit(CPU) ALU Registers Control unit Instruction setRandom

10、 Access MemoryRandom Access Memory is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating systemStorage BasicsA storage medium contains dataA storage device records and retrieves data from a storage mediumMagnetic Disk and Tape TechnologyA floppy disk is a round pi

11、ece of flexible Mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealed inside a protective casingA tape drive is a device that reads data from and writes data to a long stream of recordable media similar to the tapes used in audio cassettesA tape is a sequential storage mediumCD and DV

12、D TechnologyOptical storage stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface CD and DVD storage technologiesSolid State StorageSolid state storage technology stores data in an erasable, rewritable circuitryCard reader may be required to read data on solid state storageA U3 drive i

13、s a special type of USB flash drive that is preconfigured to auto play when it is inserted into a computerMEMORYRAM:RAM(random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions ,and the operating system.To differentiate between RAM and hard-disk storage, remember

14、that RAM holds data in circuitry thats directly connected to the system board, whereas hard-disk storage places data on magnetic media. RAM is temporary storage; hard-disk storage is more permanent. In addition, RAM usually has less storage capacity than hard-disk storage.ROM:ROM(read-only memory) i

15、s a type of memory circuitry that holds the computers startup routine. Its permanent and non-volatile.ROM BIOS: (basic input/output system) It tell the computer how to access the hard disk find the operating system, and load it into RAM.Overclocking:Overclocking is a technique for increasing the spe

16、ed of a computer component, such as a processor, graphics card, motherboard, or memory.Display DevicesCRT: Cathode ray tube. It uses the same sorts of galss tube as a standard television.LCD: liquid crystal display. It produces an image by manipulating light within a layer of liquid crystal ceels.Pl

17、asma screen: Creates an on-screen image by illuminating miniature colored fluorescent lights arrayed in a panel-like screen.Graphics circuitry generates the signals for displaying an image on the screen Integrated graphics Graphics cardPrintersDot matrix printers produce characters and graphics by u

18、sing a grid of fine wires The wires strike a ribbon and the paperAn ink-jet printer has a nozzle-like print head that sprays ink onto paperA laser printer works like a photocopierSurge ProtectionA power surge is a sudden increase or spike in electrical energy, affecting the current that flows toelec

19、trical outletsChapter 3Application SoftwareGroupware: It is designed to help several people collaborate on a single project using local networks or Internet connections.Productivity software: Software that helps people work more efficiently; traditionally word processing, spread sheet, presentation,

20、 e-mail, and database software.Utility SoftwareUtility software (a type of system software) is designed to help you monitor and configure settings for your computer system equipment, the operating system, or application softwareA desktop widget is a specialized utility program that appears on a comp

21、uters screen-based desktopDevice DriversDevice driver: It is software that helps a peripheral device establish communication with a computerDatabase SoftwareDatabase software helps you find, organize, update, and report information stored in a databaseSoftware Copyrights and LicensesA copyright is a

22、 form of legal protection that grants the author of an original “work” exclusive rights Copyright noticeSoftware licenses define the ways in which you may use a computer program Single-user Site Multiple-user Concurrent-useSecurity Software BasicsSecurity software is designed to protect computers fr

23、om various forms of destructive software and unauthorized intrusionsThe terms malicious software and malware refer to any computer program designed to surreptitiously enter a computer, gain unauthorized access to data, or disrupt normal processing operationsA blended threat describes malware that co

24、mbines more than one type of malicious programThe term rootkit refers to software tools used to conceal malware and backdoors that have been installed on a victims computerChapter 4Operating system: An operating system is a type of system software that acts as the master controller for activities th

25、at take place within a computer system. Operating System ActivitiesMultitasking provides process and memory management services that allow two or more tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneouslyWithin a single program, multithreading allows multiple parts, or threads, to run simultaneouslyAn oper

26、ating systems multiprocessing capability supports a division of labor among all the processing unitsManage memoryMemory leak - instructions and data from one area of memory overflow into memory allocated to another program.DOS is short for Disk Operating SystemFile Names and ExtensionsA computer fil

27、e is defined as a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium.File Directories and FoldersA disk partition is a section of a hard disk drive that is treated as a separate storage unitPhysical File StorageThe physical storage model describes what happens on the disks and in the circuits

28、when files are storedA disk drive usually works with a group of sectors called a cluster or a blockSystem BackupA full backup makes a fresh copy of every file in the folders youve specified for the backupA differential backup makes a backup of only those files that were added or changed since your l

29、ast full backup sessionAn incremental backup makes a backup of the files that were added or changed since the last backupnot necessarily the files that changed from the last full backupA recovery disk loads hardware drivers and user settings as well as the operating system Sometimes included with ne

30、w computer systems The Windows XP Backup utility creates a set of AutomatedSystem Recovery disksBoot and Recovery DisksA boot disk is a removable storage medium containing the operating system files needed to boot your computer without accessing the hard disk Boots DOSExercises 1.ROM什么?RAM分别是什么？它们各自

31、有什么特点？ROM:ROM(read-only memory) is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computers startup routine. Its permanent and non-volatile.RAM:RAM(random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions ,and the operating system.2.十进制数转换为二进制数的基本方法是什么？十进制数66转换为二进制数是多少？大家都会,过程略。 1000103.编译程序的作用？Compiler: Converts statements written in a high-level programming language into object code that the processor can execute.4.什么是微控制器？它和计算机的区别是什么？The microprocessor is an integr