基于单片机数字电压表电路设计外文文献原稿和译文Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、This is an easy to build, but nevertheless very accurate and useful digital voltmeter. It has been designed as a panel meter and can be used in DC power supplies or anywhere else it is necessary to have an accurate indication of the voltage present. The circuit employs the ADC （Analogue to Digital C

2、onverter） I.C. CL7107 made by INTERSIL. This IC incorporates in a 40 pin case all the circuitry necessary to convert an analogue signal to digital and can drive a series of four seven segment LED displays directly. The circuits built into the IC are an analogue to digital converter, a comparator, a

3、clock, a decoder and a seven segment LED display driver. The circuit as it is described here can display any DC voltage in the range of 0-1999 Volts. Technical Specifications - CharacteristicsSupply Voltage: . +/- 5 V （Symmetrical）Power requirements: . 200 mA （maximum）Measuring range: . +/- 0-1,999

4、VDC in four rangesAccuracy: . 0.1 %FEATURESSmall size Easy construction Low cost.Simple adjustment.Easy to read from a distance.Few external components.How it Works In order to understand the principle of operation of the circuit it is necessary to explain how the ADC IC works. This IC has the follo

5、wing very important features:Great accuracy.It is not affected by noise.No need for a sample and hold circuit.It has a built-in clock.It has no need for high accuracy external components.Schematic （fixed 16-11-09）7-segment display pinout MAN6960An Analogue to Digital Converter, （ADC from now on） is

6、better known as a dual slope converter or integrating converter. This type of converter is generally preferred over other types as it offers accuracy, simplicity in design and a relative indifference to noise which makes it very reliable. The operation of the circuit is better understood if it is de

7、scribed in two stages. During the first stage and for a given period the input voltage is integrated, and in the output of the integrator at the end of this period, there is a voltage which is directly proportional to the input voltage. At the end of the preset period the integrator is fed with an i

8、nternal reference voltage and the output of the circuit is gradually reduced until it reaches the level of the zero reference voltage. This second phase is known as the negative slope period and its duration depends on the output of the integrator in the first period. As the duration of the first op

9、eration is fixed and the length of the second is variable it is possible to compare the two and this way the input voltage is in fact compared to the internal reference voltage and the result is coded and is send to the display.All this sounds quite easy but it is in fact a series of very complex op

10、erations which are all made by the ADC IC with the help of a few external components which are used to configure the circuit for the job. In detail the circuit works as follows. The voltage to be measured is applied across points 1 and 2 of the circuit and through the circuit R3, R4 and C4 is finall

11、y applied to pins 30 and 31 of the IC. These are the input of the IC as you can see from its diagram. （IN HIGH & IN LOW respectively）. The resistor R1 together with C1 are used to set the frequency of the internal oscillator （clock） which is set at about 48 Hz. At this clock rate there are about thr

12、ee different readings per second. The capacitor C2 which is connected between pins 33 and 34 of the IC has been selected to compensate for the error caused by the internal reference voltage and also keeps the display steady. The capacitor C3 and the resistor R5 are together the circuit that does the

13、 integration of the input voltage and at the same time prevent any division of the input voltage making the circuit faster and more reliable as the possibility of error is greatly reduced. The capacitor C5 forces the instrument to display zero when there is no voltage at its input. The resistor R2 t

14、ogether with P1 are used to adjust the instrument during set-up so that it displays zero when the input is zero. The resistor R6 controls the current that is allowed to flow through the displays so that there is sufficient brightness with out damaging them. The IC as we have already mentioned above

15、is capable to drive four common anode LED displays. The three rightmost displays are connected so that they can display all the numbers from 0 to 9 while the first from the left can only display the number 1 and when the voltage is negative the - sign. The whole circuit operates from a symmetrical 5

16、 VDC supply which is applied at pins 1 （+5 V）, 21 （0 V） and 26 （-5 V） of the IC.Construction First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a printed circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive copper that is shape

17、d in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of making errors. To protect the board during storage from o

18、xidation and assure it gets to you in perfect condition the copper is tinned during manufacturing and covered with a special varnish that protects it from getting oxidised and also makes soldering easier.Soldering the components to the board is the only way to build your circuit and from the way you

19、 do it depends greatly your success or failure. This work is not very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have no problems. The soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For thi

20、s purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time you can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it.DO NOT file or sandpaper a dirty or worn out tip. If the tip cannot be cleaned, replace it. There are many different type

21、s of solder in the market and you should choose a good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core, to assure a perfect joint every time. DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in your solder. Too much flux can cause many problems and is one of the main caus

22、es of circuit malfunction. If nevertheless you have to use extra flux, as it is the case when you have to tin copper wires, clean it very thoroughly after you finish your work.In order to solder a component correctly you should do the following:Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery p

23、aper.Bend them at the correct distance from the components body and insert the component in its place on the board.You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board. In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes sl

24、ightly. Do not make the holes too large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must touch the lead slightly above the p

25、.c. board.When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder. The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or m

26、oving the component. If everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made a dry joint and you shou

27、ld remove the solder （with a pump, or a solder wick） and redo it.Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and break them.When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead from the component side of the board with a pair of lo

28、ng-nose pliers to divert any heat that could possibly damage the component.Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close together.When you finish your work, cut off the ex

29、cess of the component leads and clean the board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still remain on it.0 - 2 V . R3 = 0 ohm 1%0 - 20 V . R3 = 1.2 Kohm 1%0 - 200 V . R3 = 12 Kohm 1%0 - 2000 V . R3 = 120 Kohm 1%When you have finished all the soldering on the board a

30、nd you are sure that everything is OK you can insert the IC in its place. The IC is CMOS and is very sensitive to static electricity. It comes wrapped in aluminium foil to protect it from static discharges and it should be handled with great care to avoid damaging it. Try to avoid touching its pins

31、with your hands and keep the circuit and your body at ground potential when you insert it in its place. Connect the circuit to a suitable power supply 5 VDC and turn the supply on. The displays should light immediately and should form a number. Short circuit the input （0 V） and adjust the trimmer P1 until the display indicates exactly 0.If it does not work Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that usually cause problems. Check again all the external connections to and from