中国文化通览1汇编Word格式.docx

1、 第二章：Chinese Historical tales, myths, fables and legends a） 历史故事Chinese historical tales b） 神话Myths c） 寓言Fables d）民间传说 Folklores 第三章：中国文化名人 Eminent personnel in the history of the Chinese culture a） 古代文化名人Eminent personnel in the ancient times b）近现代文化名人Eminent personnel in the modern times 第四章：中国名篇名

2、著 famous Chinese literary works a） 中国文化名著Masterpieces b）中国文化名篇Well-known literary pieces第5章：中国文化瑰宝 Gems of the Chinese Culture a）四书五经The Four Books and The Five Classics b）京剧与地方戏曲 Beijing Opera and local operas c）中国书画 Chinese painting and calligraphy d）生活中的文化符号 Cultural tokens in daily life 第六章：中国民间

3、艺术与竞技 Folk arts and sports a）民间工艺 Folk handicraft b）民间游艺 Folk performance and Entertainment c）民间竞技 Folk sports 第7章：中国风土人情 Chinese folk cultures a） 饮食文化The dietetic culture b） 酒文化The wine culture c） 茶文化The tea culture d） 姓氏文化The name culture e） 节日文化The festival culture第8章：中国地理文化 Chinese geographical

4、culture a） 古城古迹Ancient cities and historical sites b） 景点景观Famous scenic spots c） 名山Famous Mountains d）河流湖泊 Famous rivers and lakes 第9章：中国建筑与园林 Chinese architecture and gardening a） 传统建筑风格Ancient architectural styles b）著名传统建筑 Famous ancient constructions c） 园林及其特色Chinese gardening I. Translate the fo

5、llowing terms or expressions:1. 四大发明 2. 儒家文化 3.春联 4.针灸 5. 草书 6.贵妃醉酒 7. 兵马俑 8. 四大古典名著 9. 四大菜系 10. 脸谱 1. The compass, the gunpowder, the art of paper-making and the movable type printing 2.Confucianism 3. Chinese （spring） couplets 4. acupuncture 5 cursive script 6.The Drunken Concubine 7. The terra co

6、tta armies and horses 8. 西游记Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West 三国演义The Romance of the Three Kingdoms 红楼梦A Dream in Red Mansions （The Story of the Stone） 水浒传 Heroes of the Marshes; Water Margins 9. Four major groups （styles） of Chinese Cuisine 10. Facial paintings （facial masks?） II. When Sh

7、akespeare was busy producing his works, one of his contemporaries in China was also writing his later well-known work, who was he? What work was it? （ppt sy）III. Confucius has been a unique symbolic figure of Chinese culture, do you know much about him, e.g. the years （dates） of his birth and death?

8、 Why do Chinese people believe that 73 84 are ominous（esp. for old people）?中国文化通览中国文化是一个历史的范畴，它经历了五千年的发展才形成了今天的面貌，底蕴厚重，博大精深。在某种程度上指的就是传统文化。同时它又是一个民族的范畴，在长期的相对独立的发展以及之后中外文化的冲撞交流中，以我为主，中国文化形成了自己的特色，使之卓然立于世界民族文化之林，成为东方民族文化的主要代表。Chapter One The Basic National Conditions of Ancient China （第一章 古代中国概况）Chap

9、ter Two Chinese Historical Tales , Myths, Fables and Legends （第二章 中国历史故事、神话、寓言与民间传说）Chapter Three Eminent Personnel in the History of Chinese Culture （ 第三章 中国文化名人）Chapter Four Famous Chinese Literary Works.（第四章 中国名言名篇）Chapter Five Gems of Chinese Culture.（第五章 中国文化瑰宝）Chapter Six Folk Arts and Sports

10、.（第六章 中国民间艺术与竞技）Chapter Seven Chinese Folk Cultures.（第七章 中国风土人情）Chapter Eight Chinese Geographical Culture.（第八章 中国地理文化）Chapter Nine Chinese Architecture and Gardening （第九章 中国建筑与园林） 第一章：a） 地理环境和经济结构Section 1 The Geographical Surroundings and the Economic Structure of the Chinese CultureThe Chinese cu

11、lture can be defined as a cultural system rich in distinct national style which took shape within the terrain of China. The culture includes the spiritual culture and behavioral culture as well as their materialized presentations. It is these cultural forms that typify the fundamental features of th

12、e Chinese culture. It belongs to the historical category, having undergone 5 000-year development before it turns into todays splendid sight, both extensive and profound. To some extent the Chinese culture indicates the Chinese tradition. Meanwhile it can be relegated to the national category. After

13、 a long process of relatively independent development followed by the collision and exchange afterwards between China and foreign countries, the Chinese culture assumed unique characteristics, became an outstanding member in the brilliant global family of national cultures, and grew to be a main rep

14、resentative of Oriental national cultures.For anyone to understand the basic national conditions of ancient China, the Chinese culture is a must, and vice versa. The basic national conditions in China owed its formation to the development of the Chinese culture in the specific historical background

15、and geographical surroundings. Grasping the basic national conditions promises an indispensable channel to the Chinese culture. The following is an introduction of the Chinese culture from the perspectives of the geographical surroundings, economic structure, and historical development and traits.Th

16、e Geographical Surroundings地理环境中国是一个疆域辽阔、人口众多的多民族的统一国家。它立国的地理环境对中国文化的形成发展起到了至关重要的作用。中国位于东亚大陆，处于一个相对隔绝封闭的地理环境中：北部是辽阔的大漠与草原，西部是浩瀚的戈壁沙漠和青藏高原，西南部是云贵山地和莽莽雨林，东部和东南部的平原与丘陵地带则面向大洋。这种相对封闭的地理环境为中国古代文化相对独立的发展提供了自然条件。所以在相当长的一段时间里，中国文化与外来文化的武力冲撞较少。这对中国文化形成一个历史悠久又自成体系，具有鲜明的地域特征且具有一定的稳定性的文化系统，有着重要的作用。The relativel

17、y enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently, for a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinct

18、ive regional culture. 中国内部的地理环境西高东低，东西走向的几条大河较为均匀地分布于其间，构成了辽河、黄河、长江、珠江几个流域。流域内纵横其间的支流为农业的发展和交通提供了有利的自然条件，也促成了区域文化的发展。风格多样各异的区域文化融合为一体，丰富了中国文化的内涵。但又产生了区域文化间几次的冲突，这里面既有民族间的，也有地方政权间的，但最终是复归于文化的融合和政治的一统。中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区，光、热、水、土和生物等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的发展。特别在黄河流域与长江流域，农耕生产是其主要的经济方式。中国的古代文明，其性质是农业文明，这是一种早熟型的

19、人类文明。中国的古代文明主要发生在黄河流域和长江流域，尤其是黄河流域。黄河流域那四季分明的温带气候，肥沃厚实的黄土层，大河及其支流所提供的可资开发利用的水利资源，使黄河流域的农业文明很早就发展起来，在很长的一段历史时期内，成为中华古代文明的主要发祥地和根据地。农业文明给予中国文化的形成和发展以决定性的影响，是构成中国文化不同于西方文化的基本点。China is a unitary multinational country with a vast territory and a large population. The geographical surroundings play a vit

20、al role in the formation and development of the Chinese culture. Situated in the continent of East Asia, China is located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundings. In the north stretches the vast desert and prairie; in the west, the vast expanse of Gobi and desert and Qinghai-Tibet plateau;

21、in the southwest, Yunnan-Guizhou mountainous region and boundless tropical rain forests; in the east and southeast, the ocean. The relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently, for a fairly long period

22、free from the impact of foreign cultures, especially those powerful ones. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features.Since the terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, several long rivers running from west

23、to east are distributed evenly to form the valleys of Liaohe River, Yellow River, Yangtze River and Pearl River. The large rivers and their tributaries facilitate the agricultural development and transportation as well as the growth of regional cultures. Chinese cultural system is an organic unity w

24、ith multi-elements. Different styles of regional cultures enrich the connotation of the Chinese culture. Meanwhile, conflicts among different regional cultures came into being between various nationalities as well as regional regimes, due to the difference in geographical surroundings and the region

25、al cultures arising therefrom. The general trend, however, is cultural fusion and political unity.With the territory in the temperate and subtropical zones, the natural resources such as light, heat, water and soil are fit for the development of agricultural economy. Especially in the Yellow River V

26、alley and the Yangtze River Valley, farming is the major economic mode. Ancient Chinese civilization is of agricultural nature, which is an early-maturing type of human civilization. Hence, Chinas ancient civilization originated mainly in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley. Agricul

27、tural civilization developed early in the Yellow River Valley. People here enjoy seasonal climate of temperate zone. Besides, the thick and fertile layer of loess, and the water resources provided by the river and its tributaries also contribute to its development. For quite a long period, the Yello

28、w River Valley has been the major birthplace and base of the ancient civilization. Agricultural civilization plays a decisive role in forming and promoting the Chinese culture, which constitutes its fundamental differences from Western culture.第二节 中国文化的历史发展中国已有5 000年的文明发展史，中国文化是世界最古老的文化之一，而且是世界上唯一的长

29、期延续没有中断的文化。中国文化之所以具有如此强大的生命力，主要由其本身所固有的内在结构和基本素质所决定。中国文化的结构是“多元一体”的，“多元”是指它早期由多种文化融合而成，后来又接纳了各少数民族文化，且对外来文化具有极强的包容性，从而形成了一种“多元”文化兼容并包的格局；“一体”指多元文化熔铸为一个整体，形成了有着共同的价值观念和鲜明特色的中华民族文化。中国文化“多元一体”的结构造就了它自信宽容的素质，中国文化以我为主，不断吸收外来文化，在吐故纳新中获得了生命的活力。面临当今世界的挑战，饱经风霜的中国文化从容应对，在自我改造和改造世界中展示自己的文化魅力，并永葆青春。 Section 2 The Historical Development of the Chinese CultureChina has a 5 000-year history of the deve