1、独立主格结构练习与讲解独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(such an able man和
2、 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系)= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to t
3、ell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost 的逻辑主语是the key,lost 也可以用完成式having been lost)= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格
4、结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.) Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗? sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really cant afford any time.对不起,有
5、这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。(Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really cant afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。(The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the
6、 book.)Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he wen
7、t home.由于生病,他回家了。(= As he was very ill, he went home.)Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志。(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)1 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句W
8、hen everyone wasready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)2 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way)Many eyes watchi
9、ng him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)必背:含有being的独立主格结构。It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home
10、. 没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If timepermits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)
11、4 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at t
12、he sky)C-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。(= As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.)The workers worked still harder, their
13、living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。(= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.)He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed
14、 on the blackboard.)The task completed, he had two months leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。(=When the task had been completed, he had two months leave.)比较:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to sett
15、le)The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了, 经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)二、 无动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一
16、种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛,年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。(the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being)注意:独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus, we had to walk hom
17、e. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日,所有办公室都关门。B逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。(his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being)= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里,嘴张得大大的。(his mouth和wide open之间省去了being)= He stood the
18、re, and his mouth was wide open.C逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went home. 放学了,我们都回家了。(school和over之间省去了being)= School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子。(his shoes和off之间省去了being)= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of t
19、he blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前,背对着我们。= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand.老师走进教
20、室,手里拿着一把直尺。= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示:在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。(= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.)三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足
21、语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A with+名词代词+形容词He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中,衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意:在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也
22、可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.父亲如此出名,儿子不想读书。B with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。= Our school looks even more beautiful
23、if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前,小孩在后走着。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。= He stood at the door, and a computer was in
24、 his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to
25、 play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了,火车开始起动了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成,我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitti
26、ng around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁
27、没人注意的时候,从窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F with+名词代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多
28、的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示:在with/without 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)四、 独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并
29、通常用逗号与主句隔开。A作状语独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1表示时间Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。(= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后,他们才开始吃饭。(= When all the guests were seated, they began their
30、dinner.)With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后,格雷斯打的回家了。(After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)2表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。(= As he has a lot of difficu
31、lt problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.)There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了, 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3表示条件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1