英国历史概况Word格式文档下载.docx

1、410 to 1066the Romans leave, the Anglo Saxons arrive, the Normans conquer 1066 to 1660, the Norman Conquest to Cromwell 1066 to 1154the Normans consolidate their conquest1154 to 1485the Middle Ages, who wants to be king?1485 to 1603Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and the Tudors1603 to 1660the divine right o

2、f kings to rule, then chop off their heads 1660 to 1918, Cromwell to the end of World War I 1660 to 1715Restoration and Revolution, the beginning of Empire1715 to 1815The German Georges rule Britain1600 to 1783Britain in North America - we would rather forget1815 to 1914Peace and prosperity, the gro

3、wth of Empire Britain in the 20th Century 1914 to 1918The First World War, carnage without a cause1918 to 1939the after effects of World War I, the General Strike1939 to 1945Hitlers War1945 to 2000Post War Britain - loses an Empire, looks for a roleSources:http:/www.great-britain.co.uk/history/histo

4、ry.htmRelated pages:Early Britain （before 1066）The Middle Ages （1066-1485）The Tudors and Stuarts （1485-1714）The Georgians （1714-1837）The Victorian age （1837-1914）Modern Britain （1914-present）Chapter 1 Early Britain （before 1066）I. Pre-historic Britain （before 43）The earliest people are thought to ha

5、ve come to Britain about 500,000 years ago. Britain and Ireland were joined to Europe at this time, and during several Ice Ages much of the land was covered with thick ice. This period was known as the Stone Age, and people used stone tools to hunt and fish. The melting ice created the English Chann

6、el and Irish Sea, forming the islands of Britain and Ireland. Stonehenge was an ancient temple built in several stages between about 3000 BC and 1300 BC.Early settlers （5000-55BC）a. The Iberians （3000BC） 伊比利亚人 The Iberians are said to be the first forefathers of British people.b.The Celts 凯尔特人he Cel

7、ts were tribes invaded from Europe after about 800 BC. They developed knowledge of how to make stronger weapons and tools using iron: the start of the Iron Age. Gaelic, Irish, Welsh and Cornish languages are all connected to the language of the Celts. The Celts living in Britain were known as Briton

8、s.II. Roman Britain （43-409）Britain was invaded by the Roman governor of France （then known as Gaul） called Julius Caesar in 55 BC, but trouble in Gaul and in Rome forced Caesar to leave.About 100 years later （in AD 43） the Roman emperor Claudius invaded Britain again. The Romans moved north through

9、 England and Wales but were stopped by the fierce tribes which were living in what is now Scotland. The Roman emperor Hadrian decided to establish a northern border for the Roman empire by building a wall guarded by Roman soldiers: this is known as Hadrians Wall. A large part of this wall, and the r

10、emains of several Roman camps which were built along it, can be seen if you visit the area of north England called Northumberland.Christianity was first established in Britain during this time. Emperor Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 325; there were bishops

11、 at Lincoln, London and York from this time.Many of the major Roman towns still exist today. Some of the most famous ones include York, Lincoln, Bath, London, Canterbury, Exeter, Carlisle and St Albans. The Romans left Britain in 406. They had ruled the area for nearly 400 years: the people living t

12、here are known as Romano-Britons. Latin （the language used by the Romans） has had a major influence on the English language. The Christian church throughout Europe continued to use Latin, and it was the church which later established the education system in Britain （including the early universities

13、at Oxford and Cambridge）. Roman numbers continue to be used in some places, so it is a good idea to learn how to understand them. Roman Influence1. England had its first recorded history by Caesar.2. Christianity was introduced to England.3. Roman towns and roads were built.4. Latin was introduced t

14、o the English language. （Roman numbers） III. The Dark Ages （409-1066）The period after the Roman soldiers left Britain is known as the Dark Ages. England was invaded by different tribes1. German invasion -Saxons, Jutes and Angles （Angle-Saxons）The Saxons attacked southern England from northern German

15、y. King Arthur is believed to have been a Romano-Briton warrior who fought against these attackers in about AD 500, although many of the stories about this time are fictional. As well as Saxons, other tribes from northern Germany known as Jutes and Angles invaded. Because much of the south of Britai

16、n was taken over by the Angles, this area became known as Angle-land （now England）, and the people living here became known as Anglo-Saxons.2. Vikings - from northern EuropeVikings from Denmark, Norway or Sweden （as known just as Danes） then invaded northern and eastern England.British history has b

17、een a history of invasions. Chapter 2 The Middle Ages （1066-1485）The Middle Ages （also known as mediaeval or medieval history）I. Norman Conquest and Its InfluencePerhaps the most famous date in British history is 1066, when William the First （William the Conqueror） invaded England with an army of so

18、ldiers from Normandy （in north-west France）.William defeated the Saxon king （Harold） at the Battle of Hastings: Hastings is a town on the south coast of England. The story of the invasion is told in pictures in the Bayeux Tapestry. This was the last time that England was successfully invaded by a fo

19、reign army.Influence of the Norman Conquest1. Feudal SystemWilliam established a strong Norman government and sped up feudalism in England. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. The king owned all the land, but divided this between barons and the Church. The ba

20、rons had their own private armies, and agreed to pay taxes and fight for the king. The private armies which they controlled were led by trained soldiers known as knights, who would ride horses and wear metal suits of armour to protect themselves in battle. The system of government at that time was k

21、nown as the feudal system. The king owned all the land, but divided this between barons and the Church. The barons had their own private armies, and agreed to pay taxes and fight for the king. They lived in houses known as manors. The private armies which they controlled were led by trained soldiers

22、 known as knights, who would ride horses and wear metal suits of armour to protect themselves in battle. Yeomen were farmers, who were free but had to do some work for the baron. Serfs （peasants） were owned by the baron and had to provide food in exchange for their security - they were not allowed t

23、o leave the manor without permission. This created a class system.2. Class SystemAfter the Norman Conquest, a small number of Norman barons dominated English society. The general relation between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons was that of master and servant. Feudal aristocracy developed and result

24、ed in the appearance of noble titles. People still talk of an upper class, middle class and working class, although the definition of these terms is no longer clear. 3.French CultureThe servants imitated their masters in matters of customs and fashion. Thus, the Norman culture flowered on the Englis

25、h soil. 4. Language （ Middle English）The Norman Conquerors started a bi-linguistic period in English history. The Normans continued to speak their French for about three centuries after the conquest while their English subjects spoke their English, which linguists call Middle English. The use of Fre

26、nch by the minority Normans was prolonged by the fact that the Norman kings in England continued to rule Normandy.The Normans and the Anglo-Saxons gradually became intermingled. After losing their territory on the Continent, the Normans began to regard England as their home country. By the end of 14

27、th century, English regained its position as the dominant speech used not only by the Angle-Saxons but by government officials and the law court. French was practically no longer used in England. II. Powerful ChurchThe Christian church became rich and powerful in England and Wales under the Normans.

28、 Many churches and cathedrals were built, including those at Chichester and Durham. The headquarters of the Church in England was at Canterbury in Kent. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a famous long poem about the stories of people travelling to the town: this is known as The Canterbury Tales. Christianity t

29、ook the lead in politics, law, art and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped peoples lives. The Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In order to develop a civilization based on Christianity, the Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the Roman Empire.T