1、结果,一个接着一个的原因都是无效的,只剩下电视暴力。如果这个对你来说是恐怖的,思考下这个:在他的1989年的著名的调查中,森特瓦尔总结道:“据估计,观看电视Etiologically 和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系,和大约每年10,000起杀人事件,和美国大部分的或许是一半的强奸,暗杀和其他形式的人与人之间的暴力存在着因果关系。虽然并不是所有人都同意森特瓦尔对问题严重性的估计,很少有人会质问他的断定:好莱坞流血杀人剧情确实从延伸到了我们的生活中。正如。证明的,电视暴力和人类侵犯的因果关系已经被牢固地建立起来长达几乎20年了。但是直到现在电视台还是不愿意去改变。这就是为什么在1990年国
2、会通过了电视暴力法案,这个法案允许电视台合作,再是制定一个电视台和公众可以接受播放标准。问题是暴力卖座。媒体的行政人员们知道这点而且从中获取了利润。更多的观众意味着更高的收视率,更高的收视率意味着更多的广告收入。因此,正如。发现的,80%的电视节目包含着暴力剧情。但是暴力就像是毒品:观众对暴力剧情形成了忍受力,所以媒体“商贩”渐渐地增加了暴力片段。实际上,黄金时间电视播放已经达到了平均每小时12个暴力片段。由。进行的最新的一个调查发现暴力在儿童的节目中达到了一个历史新高点每小时32个暴力片段。而且据最新的一个电视。研究计算,在18个小时的电视观看时间内就有1845个暴力片段,大约每个小时就有1
3、00个暴力片段,或者说每36秒就有一个。虽然成年人可能仅仅视所有的电视暴力为最新的“动作娱乐片”,儿童们并不理解。心理学们都认为三到四岁的儿童,他们不能区分现实和虚幻。对于他们电视就是现实的反映,而且他们发现是一个不太友好的地方。而且,青少年观众群体庞大,儿童几乎每天看四小时的电视,在城区那个数字达到了十一个小时之多,这也就意味着在大多数情况下,电视就是现实。而且这种电视暴力瘾正在逐渐造成及其恶劣的影响。美国联邦调查局和户口普查资料显示十七岁儿童的杀人逮捕率在1985到1991年之间增加了一倍以上,十五岁和16岁的逮捕率增加地甚至更快。心理学家指出了电视暴力的一些影响:孩子们被告知这个社会通常
4、是暴力的。他们变得过于害怕受到迫害因此也变得更不容易去帮助犯罪受害者。他们自己也变得更加地侵犯性和暴力。通过电视暴力法案,几个主要的电视台已经同意了一套在他们的电视节目中减少无道理电视暴力的标准。但是,直到现在,也没什么变化;电视台的行政人员保证情况到了1993年的秋季会有所转好。饶有讽刺意味的是,今年的电视暴力国会听证会是在五月“收视率调查月份”,而那时候正是电视台竞争收视率的时候,收视率将会决定他们明年的广告收入。一些评论家称1993年五月为电视历史上的其中一个最暴力的收视率调查月份.在过去的一年中,电视娱乐的行政人员断然驳斥了电视暴力的危险,然而在五月的听证会上,作证的电视台领导们更愿意
5、改变或者说他们自己是这样说的。但是,他们的话听起来不诚恳,特别考虑到他们收视率调查月份节目播放的“暴行”。哥伦比亚广播公司的主席霍华德 全国广播公司的主席华伦李托菲尔德 美国广播公司的主席托马斯S墨菲都在国会听证会上作了发言。Stringer 在会上谈到了他电视台 “原则”: “严肃”“责任”和“慎重和大量的讨论”然而流血片段似乎是没有止境。然后在几天后的华盛顿邮报上的一个故事中,Stringer指责了武器的危害:“ 在美国有200 000 000支枪,66000000支手枪。那和暴力有着很大的关系。”(读者们也许会记得Stringer的电视台的分公司,华盛顿广播公司最近刚刚拒绝了美国步枪协会
6、的关于刑事审判制度失败新商业广告。哥伦比亚广播公司分公司给出的非凡的接口是这个商业广告易于激怒或者煽动。除了立法以外,如果没有来自市民们统一的基层压力国会听证会取得不了多大的成效。最后,你的信件,你的电话,你的传真都是和削减电视暴力因此控制犯罪和保护你的第二修正案的权利斗争的最好的弹药。当你在电视节目中看到毫无意义,没有道理的暴力的例子的时候,给电视台的行政人员写信让他们知道你的感受。更好的是,记录下来在暴力节目中间做广告的产品和服务,然后对这些公司的领导者们表达出义愤。最后,只有你作为一个消费者,电视观众,投票者能够要求终止血染我们社会的电视暴力。如果每一个美国步枪协会的成员和枪支拥有者能够
7、在这场战斗中尽他们的力,我们能够削减这个严重危害我们的孩子们和人权法案的电视破坏。Language study2.3.1 Turn on your TV virtually any time of any day and you can bring a carnival of murder, mayhem and bloodshed right into your living room.1)virtuallyadv. to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded a
8、s true 几乎;实际上Examples:His contributions have run through virtually all of modern astronomy.他的贡献几乎遍及现代天文学的所有领域。 So, its virtually risk-free for you.所以,事实上对您而言,是完全没有风险的。2)carnivaln.(a special occasion or period of) public enjoyment and entertainment involving wearing unusual clothes, dancing, and eati
9、ng and drinking, usually held in the roads of a city 嘉年华,狂欢a carnival of的狂欢Examples: The last twenty-four hours have witnessed acarnivalof brutality.在过去的二十四小时里,我亲眼目睹了残忍的活剧。Topsy would hold a perfect carnivalof confusion, for some one or two hours.托普西就会恣意胡闹上一、二个小时。2)menace n. something that is likely
10、 to cause harm; someone or something that is dangerous and likely to cause harm有危险性的人(或物); A man who drives fast is a menace to other people.开快车的人对其他人是个威胁。These weapons are a menace to world peace.这些武器是对世界和平的威胁。4)right adv. It is used for emphasis.Example: Ill be right back/Ill be right with you (=
11、I will return very soon). 我马上就回来。Translation:2.3.2 Maybe, like many Americans, youre grown accustomed to it and even expect it.accustomed adj.grow accustomed to to gradually start to feel that something is normal or natural 习惯于be(get, become, grow) accustomed to习惯于 He soon gets accustomed to dormito
12、ry life and make two or three friend.他不久就逐渐习惯了宿舍的生活并交了两三个朋友。accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于 You must accustom yourself to getting up early.你必须使自己习惯于早起。 也许,和许多美国人一样,你已经变得习惯了甚至期待着它。2.3.3 But step back and look at this kaleidoscope of killing through the eyes of a childand consider what role its played for
13、Americas new generation of ultra-violent killersand you see what a menace TV violence really is.1) step back to temporarily stop being involved in an activity or situation in order to think about it in a new way进入毫无意义的地位 Lets stepback and ask whether it is worth all the trouble.让我们后退一步问问这些麻烦是不是划得来。F
14、rom time to time, the teachers should step back and let their pupils run things their own way.有时,教师应该不介入而让学生以他们自己的方式处理事情。2) kaleidoscope of a changing and enjoyable mixture or pattern (of patterns)kaleidoscopen. something that is made up of a lot of different and frequently changing colours or eleme
15、nts 万花筒a scene, situation, or experience that keeps changing and has many different aspects: His paintings are a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors.他的油画色彩斑斓, 变化万千.The search lights and the fireworks made the sky a kaleidoscope of color.探照灯和焰火使得天空的颜色千变万化。3) Ultra prefix extreme or extremely: extremely v
16、iolent 超级暴力 但是退后一步从孩子们的眼中来看看这个杀人行为的万花筒,再考虑下电视暴力在美国新一代中所扮演的角色,你会发现电视暴力是真的是如此的让人讨厌。2.3.4 I represented NRA at the hearings and was joined by the nations leading experts on human behavior and psychology to call for an endor at least a reductionof the broadcast brutality thats taking such a vicious toll
17、 on society. 1) was joined to come into the company of;share the same opinion of 2) call for demand that it should happen要求 Different circumstances callfor different tactics.不同的情势需要不同的策略。More work does not necessarily callfor more men. 增加工作不一定需要增添人员。3) take a vicious toll on vicious extremely unkind
18、 or unpleasant: extremely violent: 恶毒的,凶残的;剧烈的,严重的 Your vicious dog is menacing my cat!你那条恶狗对我家的猫太凶了!take a toll it has a bad effect or causes a lot of suffering. The war took a heavy toll of human life.这次战争夺去了许多人的生命.Long before, the bad weather took its toll.坏天气造成恶果是很久以前的事。 我代表美国步枪协会参加了听证会,和全国的人类行为
19、和心理学的专家们持相同的意见,都号召结束或者至少是减少暴力行为的播放,它在社会上已经造起了严重的代价。2.3.5 As Dr. Brandon S. Centerwall, professor of epidemiology at the university of Washington, explained: “The US national homicide rate has doubled since the 1950s.1) epidemiology the scientific study of infectious diseases and their causes n. 传染病学
20、,流行病学 of or relating to epidemiology.属于或关于流行病学的。2) homiciden. US FORMAL OR LEGAL (an act of) murder; the crime of killing someone杀人;杀人罪 The homicide rate has doubled in the last ten years.在过去10年里,杀人犯罪率提高了一倍2.3.6 A wide array of possible causes was examinedthe baby booms effect, trends in urbanizatio
21、n, economic trends, trends in alcohol abuse, the role of capital punishment, the effects of civil unrest, the availability of firearms, exposure to television. 1) an array of a large number or wide range of them大量的 anarrayof heavily armed troops 大批全副武装的部队anarrayof spare parts大批零配件anarrayof players一队
22、(阵容强大的)球类运动员2) urbanization the process of creating towns in country areas 城市化 Urbanization will become increasingly important in the future.城市化将来将变得越来越重要 许多种可能的原因都调查过了,包括:生育高峰的影响、城市化发展趋势、经济动向(发展趋势)、酗酒的趋向、死刑的影响、社会动荡的影响,武器的可得性、观看电视。2.3.7 each of these purported causes was tested in a variety of ways
23、to see whether it could be eliminated as a credible contributor to the doubling of rates of violence 1) purported adj. said by some people to be real or true, but not proved to be real or true谣传的;号称的 the purported author of the story.这个故事传说中的作者2) eliminatevt. to remove or take away.排除,消除,根除;淘汰 She w
24、ent through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it. 她认真检查了打字稿,排除了所有的错误3) credibleadj. able to be believed or trusted可信的,可靠的 It seems neither necessary nor credible.这看来既非必需,也不可信。4) contributorn. one of the causes of an event or situation, especially if that event or situation is an
25、unpleasant one 原因 Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.土壤侵蚀是水污染的一个主要根源。 每一个声称的原因都用各种方法检验过了,为的是看看是否这个原因可以作为美国暴力成倍增长的可靠因子被淘汰掉。2.3.8 And, one by one, each of them was invalidated, except for television. invalidate.vt. prove that it is wrong or cause it to be wrong使无效 A faulty signature
26、 may invalidate a cheque.签名的笔迹不对会使支票无效。 结果,一个接着一个的原因都是无效的,只剩下电视暴力。2.3.9 ,“it is estimated that exposure to television is etiologically (causally) related to 1) it is estimated 据估计it is said/reported/estimated that 据说/报道/估计 Itisestimated that the meeting will last four days.这次会议预计要开4天2) etiologically
27、adj. etiologyn. the scientific study of the cause of diseases 医病因学, 病源论xample:Hypnotic is the choice drug which etiologically and semeiologically treats insomnia.【中英文摘要】催眠药物是对失眠症进行对因和对症治疗的首选药物。 观看电视Etiologically 和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系,2.3.10 While not all agree with Centerwalls assessment of the proble
28、ms severity, few challenge his claim that Hollywood bloodshed does spill out from the screen and into our lives.1) assessmentn.a)a consideration of someone or something and a judgment about them b) the process of making a judgment or forming an opinion, after considering something or someone carefully n.估计;评估 He made a careful assessment of the situation. 他对形势作了细致的评估2) severitythe seriousness of something bad or unpleasant n.严厉;严重; Blunt injury to the skull may be of varying severity.3) challengevt. question their truth, value, or authority 质疑
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