1、控制系统的发展历史摘要从远古的漏壶和计时容器到公元前的水利枢纽工程;从中世纪的钟摆、天文望远镜到工业革命的蒸气机、蒸汽机车和蒸汽轮船;从百年前的飞机、汽车和电话通讯到半个世纪前的电子放大器和模拟计算机;从二战期间的雷达和火炮防空网到冷战时代的卫星、导弹和数字计算机;从六十年代的等月飞船到现代的航天飞机、宇宙和星球探测器,这些著名的人类科技发明直接催生和发展了自动控制技术。源于实践,服务于实践,在实践中升华。经过千百年的提炼,尤其是近半个世纪工业实践的普遍应用,自动控制技术已经成为人类科技文明的重要组成部分,在日常生活中不可或缺。随着新型制造业的兴起和网络信息技术的进步,自动控制技术的发展和应用
2、将进入一个全新的时代从20世纪40年代起,特别是第二次世界大战以来,由于工业的发展和军事技术的需要,自动控制技术得到了迅速的发展和广泛的应用。如今,自动控制技术不仅广泛应用于工业控制中,在军事、农业、航空、航海、核能利用等领域也发挥着重要的应用。例如电厂中锅炉的温度或压力能够自动维持恒定不变,机械加工中数控机床按预定的程度自动地切削工件,军事上导弹能准备地击中目标,空间技术中人造卫星能按预定轨道运行并能准确地回收等,都是自动控制的结果。所谓自动控制,是指没有人直接参与的情况下,利用控制装置对机器设备或生产过程进行控制,使之达到预期的状态或性能要求。自动控制的应用可以追溯到18世纪(1784年)
3、Watt利用离心飞锤式调速器使蒸汽机转速保持恒定的开创性突破,以及19世纪(1868年)Maxwell对轮船摆动(稳定性)的研究。但在初期,自动控制的进展并不快。自动控制的飞速发展是在20世纪。如1932年Nyquist对控制系统稳定性的研究(奈氏判据),Bode于1940年在频域法中引入对数坐标,Evans于1948年提出根轨迹法,Weiner于1949年出版了划时代的著作控制论,都对控制理论作了系统的阐述。他们的研究工作以及前人的努力,奠定了经典控制理论的基础,经典控制理论到50年代趋于成熟。经典控制理论的特点是以传递函数为数学工作具,主要研究单输入单输出的线性定常连续和离散系统的建模、分
4、析与设计问题,对非线性系统的性能分析方法也作了初步研究。20世纪50年代末60年代初期,由于空间技术发展的需要,对自动控制的精确性和经济指标提出了极其严肃的要求,数字计算机特别是微型计算机的迅速发展,又在客观上提供了必要的技术手段,从而使自动控制理论有了重大发展。如Pontryagin的极大值原理,贝尔曼的动态规划理论、卡尔曼的最优滤波理论等,这些都标志着经典控制理论发展到了现代控制理论的阶段。现代控制理论的特点是采用状态空间法,对多输入多输出、定常和时变、线性和非线性系统进行分析和设计。20世纪70年代以来,随着技术革命和大规模复杂系统的发展,自动控制理论又向大系统理论和智能控制理论的发展。
5、智能控制理论的研究是以人工智能的研究为方向,引去人们去探讨自然界为深刻的运动机理。当前的研究方向有自适应控制、模糊控制、人工神经元网络以及混沌理论等,并且有许多研究成果产生。智能控制理论的研究和发展,启发且促进了人们的思维方式,标志着信息与控制学科的发展远没止境。现代控制理论、大系统理论和智能控制理论,虽然解决了经典控制理论不能解决的理论和工程问题,但这并不意味着经典已经过时,相反,在自动控制技术的发展中,由于经典控制理论便于工程应用,今后还将继续发挥其理论指导作用,同时它也是进一步学习现代控制理论和其他高等控制理论的基础。AbstractFrom the ancient Lou Hu and
6、 timing of the container to the BC Hydro Project; from the Middle Ages, the pendulum, astronomical telescopes to the industrial revolution steam engine, steam locomotives and steam ships; from a hundred years ago, airplanes, cars and telephone communications to a half-century electronic pre-amplifie
7、rs and analog computer; from the radar and artillery during World War II to the Cold War era air defense network, satellite, missile and digital computer; from the sixties and so on spacecraft to the modern space shuttle, the universe and the planet detectors, these well-known of human scientific an
8、d technological invention and development of a direct birth control technology. From practice,and service practice, in practice, distillation. After thousands of years of refinement, especially in the last half a century of industrial practice of universal application of automatic control technology
9、, human science and technology has become an important part of civilization, an indispensable in everyday life. With the emergence of new manufacturing and networking advances in information technology, automatic control technology and applications will be entering a new era。Keyword:Classical contro
10、l theory、Modern Control TheoryFrom the 20th century, 40 years, and particularly since World War II, due to industrial development and military technology needs, automation technology has been rapid development and wide application,Today, the automatic control technology is not only widely used in in
11、dustrial control, military, agriculture, aviation, marine, and other areas of use of nuclear energy also play an important application. For example, the power plant boiler temperature or pressure can automatically maintain constant, CNC machining automatically according to a predetermined level of c
12、utting the workpiece, the military can prepare to hit the target missile, space technology, satellite can orbit as planned and can accurately recall and so on, are the results of automatic control.The so-called automatic control,is that no one directly involved in the circumstances, the use of contr
13、ol devices for machinery and equipment or production process control, so to achieve the desired state or performance requirements.The application of automatic control can be traced back to the 18th century (1784) Watt Centrifugal flyweight type governor allows the use of steam to maintain a constant
14、 speed of pioneering breakthroughs, as well as the 19th century (1868) Maxwell of the ship swing (stability) studies。However, in the early, automatic control of the progress has not been fast. The development of automatic control in the 20th century.Such as the 1932 Nyquist stability of the control
15、system (Nyquist criterion), Bode in 1940 in the frequency domain method introduced in logarithmic coordinates, Evans made in 1948, the root locus method, Weiner in 1949 published a landmark book control theory, are all made a systematic exposition of control theory. Their research work and the effor
16、ts of our predecessors have laid a foundation for classical control theory, classical control theory to 50 years to mature. The characteristics of classical control theory is based on the transfer function for the mathematical work is the main research single input - single-output linear time-invariant continuous and discrete-time systems modeling, analysis and design issues of nonlinear system performance analysis was also made by a preliminar
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