1、knifeknives; lifelives; leafleaves; staffstaves; scarfscarves roofroofs 六、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。尾音s改读ai,其中ks要改读为sai,ts要改读为stai。fungusfungi; abacusabaci; focusfoci; cactuscacti; cestuscesti 七、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es。尾音is改读i:z。axisaxes; basisbases; narisnares; hypothesishypotheses; restisres
2、tes 八、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。尾音iks改读isi:matrixmatrices; directrixdirectrices; calixcalices; appendixappendices 反例:affixaffixes 九、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a。去掉鼻尾音m。forumfora; stadiumstadia; aquariumaquaria; datumdata; vacuumvacua 十、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。尾音改读i:。larvalarvae; formulaformulae; alaalae; me
3、diamediae; hydrahydrae 十一、部分单词的复数形式不变。保持原音。fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon 十二、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。没有规律。manmen; womanwomen; childchildren; personpeople; oxoxen 十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:oxoxen; brotherbrethren 十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词 analysisanalyses分析; basisbases基础; datumdata数据; f
4、ootfeet;formulaformulae/formulas公式; goosegeese; louselice虱子; manmen mousemice; mediummedia/mediums媒介; memorandummemoranda/memorandums备忘录;parenthesisparentheses 圆括号; phenomenonphenomena现象; radiusradii 半径 toothteeth; womanwomen 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishme
5、n. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的 deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼;Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词 abscence; clothing; film; he
6、lp; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar;traffic交通 十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多 bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资 十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示 daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父 man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰
7、; maid-servantmaid-servants step-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law 十九、表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,4 po
8、lice, a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b. news 是不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations w
9、as organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼问句包括:一般疑问句(General Question/ yes-no question)、特殊疑问句(wh-questions)和选择疑问句(alternativequestions)。一般疑问句指的是以be动词,助动
10、词do,情态动词开头的问句:i.e.Are you OK? 你没事吧?Do you have a car? 你有汽车吗?Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?由陈述句( declarative sentence)变为一般疑问句时,分三种情况:1. 陈述句中有系动词be、助动词be, have / has, do, will, would, shall, should, had或情态动词can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought时,将这些系动词、助动词或情态动词移到句首,并在句末加上问号。Ill go to the History Museu
11、m this afternoon. Will you go to the History Museum this afternoon? 今天下午你去了历史博物馆吗?I visited Beijing last month. Did you visit Beijing last month? 上个月你参观了北京吗?在对疑问句进行回答时,须注意:(1) 当回答could, would所提的问题时,一般用can, will. 如:Could you help me with my homework this evening? Yes, I can. / No, I cant. Would you g
12、o there right now? Yes, I will. / No, I wont. 在对方向你表示邀请时,可用OK, sorry等来替代Yes,No. (2) 在对用may所提问题的否定回答时,一般用mustnt / cant;而在对用 must所提的问题进行否定回答时,一般用neednt / dont have to. 如:May I use your bike now? Yes, you may. / No, you cant. (mustnt) Must I stay at school this afternoon? Yes, you must. / No, you needn
13、t (dont have to). 2. 原陈述中没有系动词be、助动词be, have / has, do, will, would, shall, should had或情态动词can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought时,则在句首加助动词Do的适当形式,同时,将谓语动词变为原形动词。We speak Chinese. Do you speak Chinese? 你讲汉语吗?I went shopping yesterday. Did you go shopping yesterday? 昨天你去买东西了吗?3. 原陈述句中,若谓语动词是
14、have / has, 则须考虑have / has的意义。如果have / has是“有”的意义时,变为疑问句时,既可在句首加Do的适当形式,也可将have / has,提到句首。He has a beautiful pen. Has he a beautiful pen? / does he have a beautiful pen? 他有一只漂亮的钢笔吗?但若have / has,的意思不是“有”时,变为疑问句时,则必须在句手加Do的适当形式。如I have lunch at home. Do you have lunch at home? 你在家吃中饭吗?We had a meetin
15、g last night. Did you have a meeting last night? 昨天晚上你开会了吗?(4) 原陈述句中有情态动词used to时,它的一般疑问句,可将used移到句首;也可在句首加Did 。如(from ):I used to go swimming in the river. Did you use to go swimming in the river? / Used you to go swimming in the river? 你过去常常去那条河里游泳吗?(5) 当心need, dare两个动词。这两个动词既可以做情态动词又可以做行为动词。做情态动词
16、时,直接将它们移到句首。此时,若用need的问句,肯定回答时用must,否定回答时,用neednt。若作行为动词,则用Do的适当的形式提问。Need I come here tomorrow?Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. I need to go to school now. Do you need to go to school now?Dare you tell your father about it?Do you dare to go out at night?形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。(一).
17、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,用在名词前。1. This is my book. 这是我的书。2. We love our motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。(二). 名词性物主代词起名词的作用。1. Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine. 看那两支铅笔,红的是你的,蓝的是我的。2. He likes my pen. He doesnt like hers. 他喜欢我的钢笔。不喜欢她的。3. 注意:在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道,已经
18、提起过。Its hers. 是她的。(单独使用大家不知是怎么回事,不可以这样用) There is a book. Its hers. 那有本书。是她的。 (先提及,大家才明白)(三). 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is p
19、ink.用法:1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 -s属格结构,例如:Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks. His cap 意为 The cap is his. 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a. 作主语
20、,例如:May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。b. 作宾语,例如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c. 作介词宾语,例如:You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d. 作主语补语,例如:The life I have is yours. Its y
21、ours. Its yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。可数名词与不可数名词可数名词定义:指能够数清具体的数目,有独立的形态,可以分成个体并计算具体数目的人或物,因此有单数和复数之分。(一)可数名词的单数用来表示单个的人或物,需要在名词的前面加“a”,“an”或“one”。如果名词的第一个音节是元音,就要在名词前面加“an”。例如:a desk 一张桌子 a computer 一台电脑 a house 一栋房子 an orange 一个橙子an apple 一个苹果 an egg 一个鸡蛋 one TV 一台电视机 one banana 一根香蕉one book 一本书(二)可数名词
22、的复数如果表示两个或两个以上的人或物的数目,就需要用到复数。名词的复数有很多种变化形式,其中以下四种变化形式是比较常见: 原形 复数形式 例词 一般名词 在词尾加-s cups /cars /balls /dogs /cats / trees 以s,sh,ch,x结尾的词 在词尾加-es buses/ fishes / watches / boxes 以辅音字母+y结尾的词 将y变成i再加-es cities / babies / countries 特殊名词child/foot/tooth/man/woman等 不规则变化 children / feet / teeth / men / wo
23、men不可数名词指不可以用数目来计算,不可以分成独立个体的名词,它们通常只有一种形式,例如:water,money,bread等。在它们的前面不能用“a”,“an”或者数词来修饰,如果要表示一定量,可以用表示一定量的名词短语或表示“一些”,“大量”等形容词来修饰。(一)表示一定量的名词短语修饰不可数名词。a cup of tea 一杯茶(二)表示“一些”,“大量”“少量”等来修饰不可数名词的形容词或词组。a little一些 little少量much大量,很多a lot of /lots of许多三 练习(一)选择填空1 Is there a big _ in your room?A boxi
24、ng B boxes C box2 There are many _ in your school.A computer B computers C a computer3 - What would you like? - Id like some _.A waterB waters C watering4 I can see many _ in the busy street.A buses B bus C bush5 Uncle Li is very rich. He has _ money.A many B much C a lot6 Oh, heres _ big apple!A a
25、B an C some7 Give me _ orange, please!8 Id like a _ of paper.A bottle B glass C piece9 Look at these happy _!A children B childC boy10 Here is _ book for you.A some B one C two(二)写出下列名词的适当形式1 Hello, Jim. Can you give me some _ (orange)?2 May I have an _(egg)?3 My plants need a lot of _ (light).4 The
26、re are many _ (country) in the world.5 Sunny Garden is beautiful. It has many _ (tree) and _( flower).6 Wow! Your _ (tooth) are so white!7 Id like a bowl of _ (noodle).世界各民族语言表达颜色的词语多寡不一,分类各异。英语和汉语对基本颜色词的分类差别不大。汉语中有赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫,英语中有red(红), white(白),black(黑),green(绿),yellow(黄),blue(蓝),purple(紫),gray
27、(灰),brown(棕)。这些基本颜色之间有相同的方面,也有不同的区别。红色 在英语和汉语中,红色有时可以完全对应,有时却大相径庭:红旗red flag 红糖 brown sugar 红茶 black tea 红榜 honour roll 红豆 love pea 红运 good luck 红利 dividen 红事wedding 红酒 red wine 火灾 red ruin 血战 red battle 彩霞 red sky “红色”对汉语文化的人而言,表示喜庆、幸福、吉祥,但在英语国家的人眼中,绿色和金黄色具有类似的联想意义,而红色则意味着流血、危险或暴力。 绿色green在英语中可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”,如:green with envy,green as jealousy,green-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中
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