1、16.A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.17.The major difference between a pidgin and a creole is that the former usually has its native speakers while the latter doesnt.18
2、.Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.19.The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.20.The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disa
3、ssociative effect as such is usually long-lasting. II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given.21.The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c_.22.Speech v_ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of sp
4、eakers.23.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_ variety of a language.24.Language standardization is also called language p_.25.Social variation gives rise to s_ which are sub-divisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational
5、, occupational background, etc.26.S_ variation in a persons speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.27.A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o_ language of a
6、 country.28.The standard language is a s_, socially prestigious dialect of language.29.Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v_ languages.30.A pidgin typically lacks in i_ morphemes.31.Linguistic taboo reflects s_ taboo.32.The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors
7、 social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has no l_ basis.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.33. _ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.A. Psy
8、cholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes35. _ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from
9、.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation36. _ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in ones native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers37.
10、 _ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer38. _ in a persons speech or writing usually ranges on
11、a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.B. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation39. A _ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic b
12、ackgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language40. Although _ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects41. In normal situations, _ speakers tend to use more
13、prestigious forms than their _ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old42. A linguistic _ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. tabooIV. Define the followin
14、g terms.43. sociolinguistics44. speech community45. speech variety46. language planning47. idiolect48. standard language49. nonstandard language50. lingua franca51. pidgin52. Creole53. diglossia54. Bilingualism55. ethnic dialect56. Sociolect57. register58. slang59. taboo60. euphemismV. Answer the fo
15、llowing questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.61. Discuss with examples that the speech of women may differ from the speech of men.62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.63. What is a lin
16、guistic taboo? What effect does it have on our use of language?Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. F7. F8. F9. F10. F11. F12. T13. F14. F15. F16. T17. F18. F19. T20. F21. community22. variety23. dialectal24. planning25. sociolec
17、ts26. Stylistic27. official28. superposed29. vernacular30. inflectional31. social32. linguistic33.-37. BCAAC38.-42. DACAD43.Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.44.Speech community: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community
18、 or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the commun
19、ity. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.45.Speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech var
20、iety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.46.Language planning: Language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech
21、 variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.47.Idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or anothe
22、r. In a narrower sense, what makes up ones idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individuals speech.48.Standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. I
23、t is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.49.Nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called
24、 nonstandard languages.50. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.51.Pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.52.Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.53.Diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a si
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