专业英语四级考试语法Word文件下载.docx

1、Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting. =Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）（2）Eg. Whether it （may） be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting. =Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting

2、.If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions.=Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions.Section Two: 第二部分 详解（Detailed Points）& 总结（Summary）虚拟语气的动词标志insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, reco

3、mmend, command, order等动词表建议、愿望时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +Vwish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的名词标志1 “necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。2 名词word 表“命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 （should）+V。3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气（should）+V。虚拟语气的形容词标志It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary,

4、 important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用 should + V 表示虚拟。虚拟的介词标志But for相当于if it had not been for。 But for her help, I would have lost my way.Without, in the

5、 absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。 Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth? In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.Undercondition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。 Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.错综时间的虚拟条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动

6、词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的虚拟。If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldnt be regretful now. If they hadnt found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. If I hadnt made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldnt be in college now. 虚拟和事实（前虚拟后事实）标志: but Eg. I would have gone to the party wi

7、th you, but I was too busy. = If I hadnt been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.（前事实后虚拟）标志: otherwise Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you. More Informationwas （were） +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气）。Eg. I was to have arrived home o

8、n time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam. had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+V。Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.Tag Questions反意疑问句Detailed Points 助动词 ？ 情态动词？Have to 反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。You have to study hard, dont you?I dont have to get up early,

9、 do I?They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didnt they?She didnt have to do it herself, did she?Need 反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。They neednt make such a loud noise, need they?He needs the money for his sons education, doesnt he?Had better反意疑问句的陈

10、述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。You had better go at once, hadnWed better call off our appointment, hadnt we?助动词 ?Would rather 反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would。Youd rather not do it, would you?She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldnt she?Used to反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词did。You

11、used to stay up late every evening watching TV, didnt you?Ought to 反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should. She ought to go by plane, shouldnt she?We ought not to laugh at others mistakes, should we?Must 反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况：must domustnt must be随人称用系动词一般现在时must have donedidnWe must book the ticket

12、 in advance, mustnt we? （必须） She must be in the office, isnt she? （肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。He must have done his homework, didnt he? （肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。Wish 反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。I wish to shake hands with you, may I?人称和数 （1）陈述部分主语是I时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：I hope that, don I cant believe it, can you?I will be 14 t

13、omorrow, arent I? I am interested in it, aren人称和数 （2）陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。陈述部分主语是不定代词 one时，附加问句用one指代。 人称和数 （3）Nothing is amazing there,is it?Something will have to be done abou

14、t the price,wont it?Nobody is leaving tomorrow,are they?Everyone hopes to get promoted,dont they?Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didnOne cant be too careful, can one?祈使句后面的附加问句 （1）祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用wont you 。Have a cup of coffee, won表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you。Do it at once, wi

15、ll you?否定祈使句用will you 。Dont close the door, will you?祈使句后面的附加问句 （2）Lets 和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况；lets包括对方在内，用shall we 或shant we。let us不包括对方在内，用will you 或wont you。Let 后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will you。祈使句后面的附加问句 （3）lets go to the movies, shall we?let us go to the movies, will you ?let him go, wi

16、ll you?let me attend the farewell party, will you?There+be句型的反意疑问句There+be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there，由主语人称时态和数决定。There wont be any trouble, will there?Theres not much news in todays paper, is there?There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasnt there?This/that/It is/was the third ti

17、me that句型This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。This is the third time this week he has been late, isnt it?It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasnt it?主从复合句 （1）I think （suppose）宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；前肯定句，后用否定句。I think that he is serious, isnt he ?前有否定句，后面附加问句用

18、肯定（I dont think）。I dont suppose that she is serious, is she?上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。They think Mary will pass the examination, dont they?主从复合句 （2）I hope+宾语从句结构，附加问句用donI hope that they study hard, dont you?感叹句后的附加问句感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决定，用it /they指代。What an interesting story, isn

19、What a funny man, isnt he?How silly they are, arenInversion（倒装）带否定意义的副词置于句首时（1）带否定意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。Rarely does he go to the movies.Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honesty.Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb.Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power.含有否定词

20、的介词短语在句首含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。这类介词短语包括： in no case, at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, in no sense, under no circumstances, 等等。意思为 “决不，在任何情况下都不。 ”“Only+状语”置于句首时的倒装（1）“Only+状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。1） Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.2） Only when I saw him

21、did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift.3） Only then did I know that I was wrong.not only位于句首时的倒装句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部（部分）倒装。Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.Not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very

22、skillfully.neither，nor表示“也不”时的倒装（1）句首是neither，nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。I couldnt solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother. = I couldnt solve the problem. My brother couldnt, either.I didnt go to school, nor did Mary. = I didnt go to school. Mary didnt, either.so表示“也是，同样”时的倒装句首是so表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语需要倒装

23、。Copper is a good conductor; so is silver.John failed in the exam; so did Mark.He takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates.I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she.平衡倒装There+be或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。There stands an old house that is being pull

24、ed down.There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.Such/sothat句型中的倒装Such/sothat句型中such+名词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.So excited was I

25、that I didnt know what to say.比较状语从句中的倒装than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。Many a time has he given us sound advice.Twice a week does he g

26、o to visit his grandparents.More than once have we heard him make such promises.As,though让步状语从句中倒装在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，付， 动词）Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong.Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest.Much as I admire him, I dont think he

27、is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again.虚拟语气中的倒装虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former.Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity.副词至于句首Here、there、in、out、up、

28、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。Here comes the bus.Down jumped the little boy from the bridge. Here it （ 指 the bus） comes.There they went.Subject & Verb Agreement 主谓一致集体名词做主语集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种有些集体名词如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做复数看。The police have caught the murderer.有些集体名词（表示总称）如machinery、stationery, merchandise （商品） 、foliage（树和植物叶子的总称）等看作单数。New machinery is being installed in the factory.有些集体名词如army, audience、class、club, committee、company, crowd, family、group, government, jury, pa