英语语言学第13章课后练习题答案Word格式文档下载.docx

1、2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? The major branches of linguistics are:（1）phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;（2）phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;（3）morphology: it s

2、tudies the way in which linguistic symbols representing soundsare arranged and combined to form words;（4）syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;（5）semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;（6） pragmatics: it

3、studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? The general approachthus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from tra

4、ditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importanc

5、e of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to e

6、njoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern lingui

7、stics give priority to speech rather than to writing?Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution,

8、speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in todays world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writin

9、g in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writingis learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written

10、 language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?Saussure

11、s distinction and Chomskys are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each

12、 individual. 7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic conne

13、ction between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of

14、human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially differentfrom animal communication system?（22语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家 C. Hockett提出了人类语言的 12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种： 即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。这些特征是所有人类语言所共有的。人类语言的识别性特征是动物“语言”所不具有的。 1） 任意性：它指音与义之间没有逻辑联系。比如说，不同的语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。2

15、） 创造性：语言的创造性主要表现在语言使用者能够以有限的语言规则为基础说出和理解无限的句子，包括他们以前从没有听说过的句子。3） 二重性：它指语言在结构上存在两个层次：低层次和高层次。在低层次是一个个没有意义的音，如/p/,/g/,/i/等，但是这些处在低层次的没有意义的音可以依照一定的语言规则结合在一起形成语言体系的高层次，即：有意义的单位，如词素，单词等。4） 移位性：移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；语言也可以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情。总之，语言的使用可以脱离交际的直接情景语境，从而不受语言时空距离的影响。5） 文化传递性：文化的传

16、递性是指，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，但是语言体系具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的，而是要通过后天的学习来获得。The main features of human language are termed design features. They include: 1） ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different so

17、unds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages. 2） Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This iswhy they can produce and understand an infinitely large number ofsentences, including s

18、entences they have never heard before. 3） Duality Language consists of two sets of structures,or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure ofsounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds oflanguage can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unitsof meani

19、ng, which are found at the higher level of the system. 4） Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are present ornot present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language canbe usedto refer to contexts removed from the im

20、mediate situations of thespeaker. This is what “displacement” means. 5） Cultural transmission While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e.,we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details ofany language system are not genetically transmitted, but insteadhave to be ta

21、ught and learned.9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual infor

22、mation, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.For example:“China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive functionsupplies information about the users feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”The s

23、ocial function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2PhonologyP301. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why? Speech and writing are the two major media of ling

24、uistic communication.Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in En

25、glish. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for genera

26、l purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the

27、fine details as it is necessary for their purpose. In broad transcription, the symbol l is used for the sounds l inthe four words leaf li:f, feel fi:l, build bild, and health hel. As a matter of fact, the sound l in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The l in li:f, occurring before

28、a vowel, is called a dear l, and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the 1 in fi:l and bild, occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear 1 as in “leaf”. It is called dark and in narrow transcription the diacritic is used to indicate it. The

29、n in the sound combination hel, the sound l is followed by the English dental sound , its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental l, and in narrow transcription the diacritic 、 is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as hel.Another example is the consonantp. We all know that p is pronounced differently in the two words pi