荆州职业技术学院院级精品课《实用英语语音学》Word下载.docx

1、/, but “It was too difficult for them to read.” /it wz tu: difiklt f m t ri:d/ A few words with /i:/ in the strong form have a weak form with /i/; e.g. the /i:/, but “the other end” /i r end/.The following list tells you how the weak forms are used.WordStrong FormWeak FormExamples1.Conjunctionsandas

2、butorthanthat/nd/z/bt/:/r/n/t/n/n/z/bt/r/n/t/in and out /in nd aut/black and white /blk n wait/bread and butter /bred n bt/as old as you /z uld z ju:But why not? /bt wai n t/two or three days /tu: ri: deiz/seven or eight /sevn r eit/ （before vowels）better than ever /bet n ev /I admit that I did it.

3、/ai dmit t ai did it/2.Pronounshehimhishermethemus（rela-tive）who/hi:/him/hiz/h:/mi:m/s/hu:/i（:）/hi/im/iz/h/ /hr/mi/m/ /s/hu/Did he win? /did i:win/Give him two. /giv im I like his tie. /ai laik iz tai/（in the middle of a sense group）Take her home. /teik h hum/She opened her eyes./i:upened her aiz /（

4、before vowels）（At the beginning of word groups the strong forms of these pronouns should be used.）Could you tell me the time?/kud ju:tel mi taim/Send them by post./ send m bai pust/He wont let us do it./hi:wunt let s du: it/the book that I bought yeaterdaybuk b:t jestdi/the boy who lives herebi hu l

5、ivz hi/3.Verbsamarebebeeniswaswerehas（aux.）havehaddodoescancouldshallshouldwillwouldmust/a:/bi:/wz/w:/hv/d/du:/dz/k/kud/ l/ ud/wil/wud/mst/m/m/bi/bin/s/ /z/wz/w/wr/hz/s/z/hv/v/v/hd/d/d/d/ /d/du/dz/kn/kd/ l, l, l/ d, d /l/mst, ms/What am I to do?wt m ai t The days are shoter. /deiz :t/The men are awa

6、y./men r wei/ （before vowels）Dont be rude./ dunt bi ru:She has been out./ i:z bin Thats fine. /ts fain/He is here. /hi:z hi/Tom is here./ tmz （/z/after vowels and voiced consonants except /z, , / ,）One was enough./wn wz inf/They were very pleased./ ei w veri pli:zd/The lights were out./laits wr Has

7、everyone gone?/hz evriwn gn/（/z/ after /s,z, , /, /s/ after /p,t, k,f, /, /z/ else where）The place has changed./pleis z eind/ （/s/ after /p, t, k f, /）Its already started. /it s :lredi sta:tid /z/ else whereShes gone for a walk. / i:gn fr w:k/Have any been lost?eni bin lst/（/v/after I, we, you, they

8、）Youve broken it./ju:v brukn it/（/v/elsewhere）The men have gone. / men v gn /Had anyone left. / hd eniwn left/（/d/after I, he, she, we, you, they）Theyd left home. /ei d left The men had left. / men d left /（/d/ /d/ before consonants）So do they. /su d ei/（/du/before vowels and /w/）So do I. /su du ai/

9、 So do we. /wi:When does the train leave?wen dz trein li:How can I help?hau kn ai help/We could come tomorrow. /wi: kd km tmru/I shall take it up. /ai l teik it p, ail p/We should try to do it well. /wi: d trai t it wel/（/l/ after personal pronouns）Theyll give it away. /ei l giv it wei/What would yo

10、u do? /wt d ju:（after personal pronouns）I would like to tell him. /ai d laik t tel im/I must answer that letter. /ai mst a:ns let/4.Articleaanthe/ei/i/ / In a minute /in minit/Have an apple. /hv n pl/（/i/ before vowels） the other day / dei/ before consonants）What is the time?wt s 5.Prepositionsat fo

11、rfromof/f:/frm/v/t/f/ /fr/frm/Come at once. /km t wns/They sent for the doctor. /ei sent f dkt/（/f:r/, /fr/ before vowels）Shall we go for a walk?l wi:gu fr I sent it from London. /ai sent it frm lndn/As a matter of fact /z mtr v fkt/6.Other Wordstherenottosome/r/nt/tu:/sm/r/nt/ /tu/t/sm/sm/There is

12、nothing left. /z ni left/ r/, /r/ before vowels） /r iz （/nt/ in spelling nt）arent /a:nt/ dont /dunt/It does not matter. /it dz n （/tu/ before vowels or the consonant /w/, or at the end of the sentence.）I want to ask you. /ai wnt tu sk ju/I am going to. /ai m gui tu/（/t/ before consonants） to stay or

13、 to go /t stei : t gu/I need some paper. /ai ni:d sm peip/Please give me some. /giv mi sm/Note: like the “to” before an infinitive, the preposition “to” also has two weak forms: /tu/ and /t/. Practice all the examples given here, then make up similar examples given here, then make up similar example

14、s for yourselves and practice those, too.2.The Use of Strong FormsAs I have said, these common words which have weak forms also have strong forms.The strong forms are used in the following cases:1）When the word is stressed,e.g. They dont believe, do they? /dunt biei / You must choose us or them. /ju

15、: mst u:s :em /2） When the word is at the end of a sense group or a sentence, even when they are unstressed.e.g.（Who is on duty today?） I am./ai （Whos got?） Jane has. / ein h（Who is a teacher?） You are. / a:What are you looking at?wt ju:luki What is he waiting for?wts i:weiti f:Where did you get it

16、from?w did ju:get it frm/3） Prepositions may have their strong forms when they are followed by an unstressed personal pronoun at the end of a sense group or a sentence. However, in this position the weak form may also be used. For example: I am waiting for you. /aim ju:/ or /aim weiti f ju:4） The in

17、definite pronoun “some” in the meaning of “a certain quantity” is always stressed and therefore pronounced /sm/. For example: some of us / sm v s/The adjective “some” in the meaning of “certain” always use its strong form, even when it is unstressed. For example:For some reason she is absent today./

18、f: sm zn iz bsnt tAs an adjective in contrast to “others” it is always stressed and therefore pronounced/sm/. For example: Some people like it, but others dont. /sm pi:pl laik it bt dunt/Chapter 2 Assimilation and ElisionA. AssimilationSpeech sounds seldom occur in isolation. They are nearly always

19、joined together to form words and groups of words. In connected speech, sounds, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds. This process

20、 is called assimilation.Assimilation is very common in colloquial and dialectal English. It takes place most frequently in consonant. The cause of the process is to save effort and to make the pronunciation of the two dissimilar consonants easier by taking short cuts.Assimilation may be of 3 types a

21、s far as its direction is concerned:1）Progressive（顺同化）, the assimilated sound is influenced by the preceding sound. For example: Whats this?wts is/The consonant sound /z/ is replaced by the sound /s/ under the influence of sound /t/In assimilation of type 1 the strong voiceless consonant of a pair replaces the weak voiced consonant in the closely connected speech, but do not make it a general rule to replace the weak voiced consonant by the strong voiceless in other cases. And you must remember that a voiceless plosive or fricative（摩擦音） is not assimilated to a voi