1、1、 省略if的虚拟条件句中Had I known What WaS going to happen , I would never have lefther alo ne. 如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话,我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。Were there no air or Water , there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水,世界上就不会有生命。2、 在以so (肯定)和 neither ,nor (否定)的句子中He didn fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法,也不怕未
2、来。I e had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法,另S人也会有啊。不信任有传染力,同样DiStruSt Can be COn tagious, but SO Can trust.信任也具有传染力。3、 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时,如 never , little, often,not only, not un til, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no soon er . tha n ,inno way, at no time, Un der no CirCUmSta nces, by no mea
3、ns, in no CaSe ,采用部分倒装。LittIe does he Care about mon ey. 他很少关心钱。Not Un til rece ntly did I know What he had done. 直至 U最近我才知道他所做的事。4、 句首状语由only+畐H词,only+介词短语,only+状语分词时On Iy yesterday did he find out that his WatCh WaS missi ng. 直至 U昨天他才发现表丢了。OnIyin our COUntryCan SCie nce SerVe the in terests of the
4、 people.只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。5、 在强调宾语时Still greater con tributio ns should We make to our socialist con StrUCtiO n. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。USefUI ChemiCaI fertilizer Can We make from the WaSte liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。二)非谓语动词种类及句法功能(一)概述:在英语中,不作句子谓语,但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非现在分词(the PreSent PartiCiPIe );过去
5、分词(the PaSt PartiCiPIe )。(二)非谓语动词的句法功能1 )逻辑主语为了强调是谁发出的一个动作,我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语 动词在句中不做谓语,所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特 征,在这种情况下,就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中,非谓语动词的逻辑 主语各有其不同的表现方式,也是常考的一个语法项目,尤其是动名词和分词的 逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词 Of和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区 别是:当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时(如: good, nice, wise, gen er
6、ous,foolish, CIeVer , silly, wrong, stupid, Careless, con siderate, impolite,naughty 等等),我们使用of;其它的使用for请看例句:It is Un WiSe of them to turn dow n the proposal.他们拒绝这个建议很不明智It is gen erous of you to Stay US for the ni ght.难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。It is a great honor for US to atte nd this rally.我们很荣幸参加这个大It is Ver
7、y dan gerous for ChiIdre n to SWim in the reservoir孩子们在水库里游泳很危险动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的在句首时一般要使用所有格,在句中一般使用其通格。例如:Mary grunting COntinuOuSIy annoyed her husband, and hermother Staying With them WaS the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦,她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。Xiao Li S being late for school UPSet the teache
8、r . 小李的迟至U让老师很恼火。OUr sole worry is (you) your relyi ng on yourself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。They in SiSted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang S going With them together .他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。 分词的逻辑主语有两种:一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语,其二是独立主格结构 的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中,分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语,如果两者不能构 成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如:See n from the space, the earth lo
9、ok like a blue ball. 从太空看起来,地球像个蓝色的球体。这个悬垂结构 Seen from the SPaCe = When the earth is Seen, LaUgh ing and Chatt ing, the PUPiIS left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。同上述结构一样, LaUgh ing and Chatt ing = the PUPiIS Were IaUghi ngand Chatt ing, 独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词 或代词通格来表示,放于分词之前,与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。
10、例如:SO many COmradeS being abse nt, the meeti ng had to be Put off.这么多同志都缺席了,所以会议只得延期。We all Went home, he remaining behi nd. 我们都回家了,只有他留在后面。Weather Permitti ng, We will go for an out ing next week. 女口果天气许可,我们下周去郊游。The class (be ing) over , the teacher dismissed the StUde nts. 下课了,老师把学生打发走了。The job d
11、one, We all We nt home. 工作完成之后,我们就都回家去了。With the tree grow n tall, We get more shade. 随着树的不断长高,树荫也越来越浓密了。EVerythi ng take n in to con Siderati on, this pla n SeemS to be morefeasible. 把一切考虑在内,这个计划看起来可行。They WOrked throughout the ni ght With the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。二、非谓语动词考查点1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语
12、动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构,如:1.All flights because of the snoWStorm, many PaSSengerscould do no thi ng but take the train.A. had bee n Can celed B. have bee n Can celedC. Were Can celedD. hav ing bee n Can celed【答案】D【解析】独立主格结构做状语表示原因。2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如:1.1 don mi nd the decisi O
13、n as IOng as it is not too late.A. you to delay making B. your delay ing makingC. your delay ing to make D. you delay to make【答案】B。【解析】这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲,逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词,其后的动词 delay也应该是一个动名词。3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择从近几年的考查情况来看,对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况:对一 般概念的考查,而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择:做状语的非谓语动词主
14、要考查其各种形式的选择,如: from the outer space, OUr earth looks like aWater-COVered ball.A. HaV ing See n B. See ing C. See n D. HaV ing bee nSee n【答案】C。【解析】根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析,选项 A、B、D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系。惟有选项 C是正确答案。从以上各题来看,考查的侧重点有:(1)状语类别的判断:不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同,目的状语要求用不定式,如。(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系:根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同 来确定用
15、现在分词还是用过去分词。(3)非谓语动词的否定形式:not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前, 如。(4)独立成分:有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制,称为独 立成分,这类成 分只记忆即可。女口 : gen erally SPeak ing, judgi ng from., to tell the truth., 等。5)做补足语的非谓语动词的选择做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制,不同动词后的宾语补足语形 式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。They are going to have the SerViCe man an electric fanin the OffiCe
16、 tomorrow.A. in stall B. to i nstall C. to be in stalled D. i nstalled【答案】A。【解析】have之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者时,贝U应使用动词原形。6)做表语的非谓语动词的选择表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择,很少有动名词的用法的考查, 虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项,只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。TheSe SUrVeyS in dicate that many CrimeS go by the police, mainly because not all ViCtimS report them.C. Un r
17、ecord ing D. to have bee n Un recorded【解析】分词做表语可以做系动词 be的表语,也可以做其它系动词的表语,如go, feel, seem, look, remain 等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。三)情态动词情态动词(Model VerbS) 又称为情态助动词 (Model AUXiIiarieS)。英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如 have, do, be ;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词 可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英
18、语的各 种考试中,现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的 分析,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:(1) 情态动词+行为动词完成式(2) 情态动词+行为动词进行式(3) 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(4) 某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式:情态动词的完成式即 情态动词+ have + v-ed 分词”表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。里的水都满了,想必昨晚一定下雨了。YOu couldn have met my grandmother . She died before you Were born. 你不可能遇到我奶奶,因为她早在你出生前就死
19、了。I Can find my keys. I may / might have left them at the schoolyesterday. 我找不到钥匙了,也许昨天丢到学校了吧。当情态动词完成式是由 ought to / should 加完成式或否定式 ought notto / shouldn 加完成式时,是表示对已发生的情况表示 责备”不满”分别 表示 本应该”和 本不应该”例如:You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh atbut learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是
20、你应该学习的一个人。You should have fini Shed your compositi on by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。 needn t have v-edneedn t have v-ed表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为 本没必要”例如:You indent have Wake ned me up; I don have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒,因为我今天不上班。注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时, 就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could 其次,may 更次之,might 最小。2、情态动词的
21、进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。The light in his Study is still on; he must be WOrk ing now.他书房的灯还亮着,想必他现在还在工作。She should n be worki ng like that. She is still Very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.He Can be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-in
22、g 形式), 表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。They are SWeati ng all over . They must have bee n work ing in thefields.他们浑身是汗,准是在地里一直干活来着。They may have bee n discuss ing this SUggeSti On all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外,还有一些如 would rather , would soo ner ,would (just) as soon, had rather
23、, had better , had SOOner , Can not but,may (just) as well 等可用作情态动词。The soldier would sooner die than SUrrender . 这个战士宁死不降。If you don like to swim, you may just as well Stay at home. 女口果你不喜欢游泳,你也可以待在家里啊。这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当 would (had) rather , would(had) sooner , would (just) as soon 后可跟that引导的从句时,从句
24、就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。I would rather you Went home right now. 我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。I would SOOner you had n asked me to SPeak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。三、情态动词中应特别注意的典型结构They must be in the library, aren they? 他们一定还在图书馆,对吧? 他们一定去图书They must have gone to the library, have n馆了,对吧?They must have bee
25、 n to the Iibrary yesterday, did n他们昨天一定去了图书馆,是不是?、概述在作谓语的动词用来表示动作(或情况、状态)发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言,其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化 来体现的,因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同, 主要有四大类(一般时态/进行时态/完成 时态/完成进行时态)十六种时态如下:现在一般现在时do /does现在进行时be (am, is, are )do ing现在完成时have / has done现在完成进行时have has bee n doi
26、ng过去一般过去时did过去进行时be (was, Were) doing过去完成时had done过去完成进行时had bee n doing将来一般将来时shall / WiIl do将来进行时shall (will) be doing将来完成时shall (will) have done将来完成进行时shall (will) have bee n doing过去将来一般过去将来时should (would) do过去将来进行时should (would) be doing过去将来完成时should (would) have done下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。二、各
27、时态详解1、 一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾 -S ,另外be和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作 或存在的状态,还可用来表示普遍真理。The Yan gtze rises in Qin ghai. 长江发源于青海。ACtiOnS SPeak IOuder tha n words. 行动胜于言辞。We have frie nds all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。2、 现在进行时现在进行时是由助动词 be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一 阶段正在进行的动作,有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。How are things gett ing on With you? 工作进行的怎么样?Some one is ask ing for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。They are PUbIiSh ing a new VerSi on of the PIaySCriPt by Taso YU this autu mn.今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。3、 一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall (wi
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