1、2)复合宾语(宾语O+宾补C) 1. They elected him their monitor. 名词2.They painted their boat white. 形容词3.Let the fresh air in. 介词以上几种是句子的必要成分,不可缺少,否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外,还可以有定语,状语,同位语和插入语。(5)定语 修饰,限制,描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。1.Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)2.China is a developing country; America is a
2、developed country.(分词) 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.(名词)4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)(6)状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制,状语一般由副词充当,也可由名词,介词短语,非谓语动词,从句等充当。1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语2.He has lived i
3、n the city for ten years. 介词短语3.Wait a minute. 名词4.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句5.种状语种类如下:1. How about meeting again at six? 时间2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 条件4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点5.She put the eg
4、gs into the basket with great care. 方式5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果8.She works very hard though she is old. 让步9.I am taller than he is. 比较(7)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做
5、进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.We students should study hard. We all are students. (8)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等,如:To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.二:英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。基本句型一:
6、 (不及物动词)1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares?此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二: (是系动词) (表语) 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 基本句型 三: (主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词
7、。 (及物动词) (宾语)1. Who knows the answer?2. He has refused to help them. 基本句型 四: O (主谓间宾直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。 (及物) O(多指人) (多指物)1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 基本句型 五: (主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。 (及物
8、) (宾语) (宾补) 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 练习:(一) 选择句子结构a, b, c, d, e, 1. Please tell us a story._2. She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._(二).指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:v 1. The
9、students got on the school bus.v 2. He handed me the newspaper.v 3. I shall answer your question after class.v 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.v 6. His job is to train swimmers.v 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v 8. There is
10、going to be an American film tonight.v 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v 10. His wish is to become a scientist.v 11. He managed to finish the work in time.v 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v 13. He found it important to master English.v 14. Do you have anything else to say?v 15. To be hone
11、st,your pronunciation is not so good.v 16. Would you please tell me your address?v 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v 19. He noticed a man enter the room.v 20. The apples tasted sweet.句子种类一、英语句子按用途可分为四类:1、陈述句:用来说明事实或说话人的看法,包括肯定句和否定句。Heis
12、adoctor.Ididntgotoschoolyesterday.2、祈使句:用来表示请求、命令。 Bequiet! Dontplaywith fire!3、问句:用来提出问题。包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。Doyou likeEnglish?Whattimeit?Doeshelikeplaying footballorbasketball?Theywentout, didntthey?4、感叹句:用来表达强烈的感情。 如: finedayitis!Howbeautiful!二、用法讲析:中考出题一般是将肯定句变为否定句。几种常见形式:(1)含有谓语动词be,变否定时,
13、be后加not即benotam teacher Inotteacher.TherearesomebooksTherenot anybooks.(2)句子谓语动词是实义动词(如:work live)时,要用助动词do/does/did + not + 动词原形。swimmingTheydontswimming.I camelate Icomelate(3) 句中含有all,both的句子,变完全否定时,要将allnone, bothneither, bothand neithernor要注意谓语动词的变化。AllofuswatchedtheTV Nonethe TV.Both of them a
14、re students.Neither of them isstudent.BothTomandJohnhavedonehomework.Neithernorhashomework.(4)现在完成时、过去完成时态的句子变否定时变为 have/has+not+done或had+not+done(5) hadbetterdosomething变否定时为 haddoYoudrest Youdrest.2、疑问句:(1)一般疑问句:一般指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。athome?Yes,is./No,isnt.Canswim?Yes, Ican./No, Icant.HavetheybeenBeiji
15、ng?Yes, theyhave./No,they havent.(2)特殊疑问句:是以疑问词开头的疑问句。常用疑问词what,where,who,how,whattime,howlong等其结构:疑问词+一般疑问句?要注意使用一般疑问句的语序。. MynameMaryWhatyourname?usually getupat 6:30Whenget up?(3)选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种。这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。其结构:“一般疑问句+or+其他?”Isherbrotherdoctororateacher?前升后降Shallwethe cinemaonSaturday
16、onSunday?回答时不用Yes或No,直接回答(根据事实回答)。DoesEnglishChinese?Helikes Chinese.(4)反意疑问句:反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是在陈述句之后,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问。其基本结构有两种: 一是“肯定陈述句 + 简略否定问句”; 二是“否定陈述句 + 简略肯定问句”。反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态、人称和数上都要保持一致。Itlooksrain,doesntit?doesntneedworksolate, doeshe?学习反意疑问句,特别要注意以下的一些特殊情况:陈述部分的主语是this,that时,疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的
17、主语是these,those时,疑问部分的主语是they。Thisdictionary, isntThoseshelves, arent陈述句如果是therebe 结构时,疑问部分仍用there。如:oncewasmannamed SaintNicholas,wasntthere?陈述部分的谓语是hadbetter(最好)时,疑问部分用hadnt来体现。 havegoodrest, hadntyou?陈述句的谓语动词是have(has)to(必须)时,疑问部分用助动词do或does来体现。there, dont leaveearly, doesnt陈述句的主语是动词不定式、动词的ing形式或从
18、句时,疑问部分的主语多用it来体现。Takingcareourenvironmentveryimportant, isnt it?said right, isnt陈述句中含有not、no、hardly、neither、never、few、little、tooto等否定词或是具有否定意义的词时,疑问部分常用肯定形式。Fewpeopleknewthe news, didneverEngland, has但陈述句中如果带有否定意义的前缀和后缀的单词时,整个句子仍视为肯定句,反意疑问部分多用否定形式。Sheunhappy, isntshe?陈述句中的谓语动词含有“推测”性的词must(一定)时,反意疑
19、问部分多与must之后的动词形式和时态与句子主语保持一致。Hermothermustbeteacher, isntmust readnovel, hasnt陈述句的主语是nobody, noone, everyone, somebody等不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语多用they;如果陈述句的主语是something,nothing,anything,everything等不定代词时,反意疑问部分的主语多用it。Nobodysayswordaboutaccident,doEverythingseemsallright,doesnt陈述句是主从复句时,如果主句的谓语动词是think、believ
20、e、expect、feel、guess等词,且主语是第一人称I时,反意疑问部分的人称、时态要与从句中的人称、时态保持一致,同时还要考虑到否定的转移。believethatboycangetticketforyou, canthe?thinkwillcome, will祈使句反意疑问句都可做成will you?Please openwindow, willDonttalk, will但以Lets开头的祈使句用shallwe?Letus,willme,willLetsshopping, shallrest, will对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,事实是否定的,
21、就用no。即Yes + 肯定,No + 否定。这和汉语不一样,应特别注意。hasnt toBeijing,hasYes, hehas. 不,他去过。No, hehasnt. 对,他没去过。3、祈使句:(1)祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、劝告或建议等语气的句子。它的主语多是You(通常不说出)。(2)祈使句可分为肯定、否定两种形式。其中肯定形式的祈使句由动词原形开头,分两类:连系动词 + 表语(如:形容词、名词等)引起。Keep 保持安静!行为动词开头。Opendoor! 打开门吧!否定形式的构成是一律在肯定形式的祈使句之前加上Dont。therealone!不要一个人去那里。 late for
22、class again!别再上课迟到(3)在祈使句中加上please可构成“Please”或“,please.”句式,please使句子语气显得更委婉、礼貌。此时的否定句应变为“Please dont”或“Dont,please.”(4)由let构成的肯定式的祈使句句型为:(5)祈使句的主语通常不说出来,但有时为了指明向谁提出请求、命令等时,或为了加强语气,此时可说出主语you。Youfeed theanimalstoday. 今天你喂动物。 sweepfloor.你拖地板。一种类:感叹句通常由what或how引导,一般各有三种情况:(1)What引导的感叹句 What +a(an)+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!What anewwatch多么新的一块手表啊!What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!interestingbookschildrenreading!孩子们读的书多么有趣啊!What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!importantnews多重要的新闻啊!(2)How引导的感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!tallgirl那个女孩多高啊! How+主语+谓语!flies!间过得多快!三另外主语+ be + adj + todo变感叹句:How + adj +主语+ be + todoI happyhearnews.h
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