英语语言学补充练习Word格式文档下载.docx

1、11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistic

2、s is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics re

3、gards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal users k_ of the

4、rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that langua

5、ge consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in langua

6、ges is called s_. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of s

7、uch applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.29. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguisti

8、cs is generally defined as the s _ study of language. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. PrescriptiveB. Analytic C. Descriptive

9、D. Linguistic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement C. DualityD. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. PrimaryB. Correct C. SecondaryD. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more ba

10、sic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical stu

11、dy of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronicB. diachronic C. prescriptiveD. comparative 36. Saussure took a（n） _ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychologicalB. psychologicalsociological C. appliedpragmaticD.semanticlinguistic 37. Ac

12、cording to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performance C. langueD. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. senseB. sounds C. objectsD. idea

13、s 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _, A. displacementB. duality C. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather than b

14、y instinct. A. learningB. teaching C. booksD. both A and B . Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displa

15、cement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. Parole. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication.

16、Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard

17、 the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. Wh

18、at do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 Phonology1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they disting

19、uish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writin

20、g in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: t

21、he throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, som

22、e of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According t

23、o the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified int

24、o different categories. 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two w

25、ords are said to form a phonemic contrast. 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. 21. A_ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of sp

26、eech sounds.22. A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for

27、 varieties of articulation than any other. 25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. 26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. 27. S_ features