翻译英语一真题Word文件下载.docx

1、People have wondered for a long time how their personalities， and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not， or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. （

2、61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect ，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often convenie

3、ntly referred to as nature vs. nurture.（62）Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. （63）That our environment has little，if anything， to do with our abilities， characteristics and behavior is c

4、entral to this theory. Taken to an extreme， this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the nurture theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our

5、environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli

6、as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories. Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they dont be

7、lieve that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. （64）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are

8、 many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads som

9、e nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. （65）Behaviorists， in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither o

10、f these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not， it is clear to everyone that world i

11、ndustry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. （71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time， and in any case， the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. （72）New sources of energy must be found， and this will take time， but it is not

12、likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as y

13、et no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States， the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.（73）The food supply will not i

14、ncrease nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tight

15、er over the next thirty yearseven here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. （74）This will be p

16、articularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if neces

17、sity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact， as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety， there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. （75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point w

18、here the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more unnatural food.1992年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive constructthe meaning of the word has never been clear. （71）There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is

19、 on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily， make distinctions， reason logically， and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capac

20、ity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character，social adjustment， physical endurance， manual skills， or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes. （72）To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a

21、thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.（73）Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing

22、our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best，the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do，and the intellectual ability to do it

23、. （74）The first two must be equal for all who are being compared， if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable，and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies，of cours

24、e，in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which

25、we think require “general intelligence”. （75）On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of rel

26、evant information which they possessed.1993年英译汉试题（71）The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more diff

27、erence，but there is just the same kind of difference，between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person，as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales，and the operations of a chemist in performing a dif

28、ficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. （72）It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other，differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate

29、in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better， perhaps， if I give you some familiar examples. （73）You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction （归纳法） and deduction， that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract fro

30、m Nature certain natural laws， and that out of these， by some special skill of their own， they build up their theories. （74）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special traini

31、ng. To hear all these large words，you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms，you will discover that you are quite wrong，and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves ev

32、ery day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Molieres plays，where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose （散文） during the whole of his life. In the same way， I trust that you will take comfort， and be delighted with yourselves， on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. （75）Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very sa