地下水专业术语英文Word文件下载.docx

1、adsorption吸附the adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid. Adsorption is often used to extract pollutants by causing them to be attached to such adsorbents as activated carbon or silica gel. Hydrophobic, or water-repulsing adsorbents, are used to extract oil from waterways in oil s

2、pills.advance time irrigation行进时间Time required for a given stream of irrigation water to move from the upper end of a field to the lower end of the field.advection水平对流The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that causes changes in temperature or other physical properties. In oceanogr

3、aphy, advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of sea water as a current.aeration曝气the mixing or turbulent exposure of water to air and oxgen to dissipate volatile contaminants and other pollutants into the air.aeration zone包气带（also known as the unsaturated zone）:The zone above the water table i

4、s known as the aeration zone.aerosol悬浮质Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the atmosphere ranging in size from approximately 10x-3 to larger than 10x2 磎 in radius. Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as participant

5、s in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth.aggressive water侵蚀性水water which is soft and acidic and can corrode plumbing, pip

6、ing, and appliances.agriculture water use water-use category农业用水Composed of livestock, animal specialty, and irrigation water use.alkalinity碱度the measurement of constituents in a water supply which determine alkaline conditions. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acid

7、s. See pH.alluvium冲积物Sediments deposited by flowing rivers. Depending upon the location in the floodplain of the river, different-sized sediments are deposited.altithermal period高温期A period of high temperature, particularly the one from 8000 to 4000 B.P. （before the present era）, which was apparentl

8、y warmer in summers, as compared with the present, and with the precipitation zones shifted poleward. Also called the hypsithermal period.anisotropy各向异性The condition under which one or more of the hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary according to the direction of flow.antecedent moisture前期降水量The

9、soil moisture present before a particular precipitation event.aquaculture水产业farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae.aquaculture water use water-use category水产用水Water used for farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, excluding fish hatcheries （commerc

10、ial water use）, shrimp, and other shellfish. Activities included in SIC code 0273. Subset of animal specialties water use.aquatic水生的growing in, living in, or frequenting water.aquiclude隔水层A unit of low permeability but is located so that it forms an upper or lower boundary to a groundwater flow syst

11、em, now also called confining layer or leaky confininglayer.aquifer含水层a geologic formation that will yield water to a well in sufficient quantities to make the production of water from this formation feasible for beneficial use; permeable layers of underground rock or sand that hold or transmit grou

12、ndwater below the water table.aquifer hydrology（1） A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs （USGS）; （2） A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a

13、 formation having structures that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary field conditions （ASCE）.aquifer depletion management含水层疏 干Condition of declining water levels within the aquifers structure because natural recharging from surface water and precipitation is inadequate to

14、maintain normal level. Can be caused by withdrawal rates exceeding recharge rates.aquifer test含水层试验See pumping testaquifer, confined承压含水层An aquifer that is overlain by a confining bed. The Confining bed has a significantly lower hydraulic conductivity than the aquifer.aquifer, perched上层滞水A region in

15、 the unsaturated zone where the soil may be locally saturated because it overlies a low-permeability unit.aquifer, semi-confined半承压含 水层An aquifer confined by a low-permeability layer that permits water to slowly flow through it. During pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the aquifer can occur across

16、 the confining layer. Also known as a leaky artesian or leaky confined aquifer.aquifer, unconfined非承压含水层An aquifer in which there are no confining beds between the zone of saturation and the surface. There will be a water table in an unconfined aquifer. Water-table aquifer is a synonym.aquifuge不透水层A

17、n absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit any water.aquitard弱透水层A layer of low permeability that can store groundwater and also transmit it slowly from one aquifer to another. Also named as leaky confinging layer.artesian aquifer自流含水An aquifer that contains water under pressure as a resul

18、t of hydrostatic head. For artesian conditions to exist, an aquifer must be overlain by a confining material and receive a supply of water. The free water surface stands at a higher elevation than the top of the confining layer thus if the aquifer is tapped by a well, the water in the well will rise

19、 above the level of the aquifer.artesian well自流井a water well drilled into a confined aquifer where enough hydraulic pressure exists for the water to flow to the surface without pumping.artesian zone自流区a zone where water is confined in an aquifer under pressure so that the water will rise in the well

20、 casing or drilled hole above the bottom of the confining layer overlying the aquifer.atmosphere （the）大气圈The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earths gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical processes of this system consti

21、tute the field of meteorology.available soil moisture可用土壤含水量The portion of water in a soil that can be readily absorbed by plant roots. It is the amount of water released between in situ field capacity and the permanent wilting point.average annual recharge年平均补给量amount of water entering the aquifer

22、on an average annual basis. Averages mean very little for the Edwards because the climate of the region and structure of the aquifer produce a situation in which the area is usually water rich or water poor.barrage拦河坝any artificial obstruction placed in water to increase water level or divert it. Us

23、ually the idea is to control peak flow for later release.barrier boundary隔水边界An aquifers stem boundary represented by a rock mass that is not a source of water.basal sliding （basal slip）基部滑动The movement or speed of movement of a glacier on its bed.baseflow基流That part of stream discharge from ground

24、water seeping into the streambaseflow recession基流衰减The declining rate of discharge of a stream fed only by baseflow for an extended period. Typically, a baseflow recession will be exponential.baseflow-recession hydrograph水文图A hydrograph that shows a baseflow-recession curve.bedrock基岩A general term f

25、or any consolidated rock.beneficial usemanagement有效用水Any of a number of water uses that are recognized by a political entity as valuable to society and worthy of protection, are defined by statutes, and may need to be protected against quality or quantity degradation. These water uses include, but a

26、re not necessarily limited to, domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial supply;cooling in thermoelectric power generation; and instream uses that include hydroelectric power generation; recreation; aesthetic enjoyment; navigation; and preservation and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and othe

27、r aquatic resources or preserves.biosolids生物体a nutrient-rich organic material resulting from the treatment of wastewater. Biosolids contain nitrogen and phosphorus along with other supplementary nutrients in smaller doses, such as potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc. Soil that is

28、lacking in these substances can be reclaimed with biosolids use. The application of biosolids to land improves soil properties and plant productivity, and reduces dependence on inorganic fertilizers.biosphere生物圈The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part （reservoir） of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms （plants and animals） and life- derived organic matter （litt