美国国家地理课程标准翻译文档格式.docx

1、 By element we mean that each piece is a building block for the whole. 元素，我们的意思是，每件作品是一个构建块的整体。 Each essential element contains a number of geography standards. 每一个重要的元素包含一些地理课程标准。 Each standard presents a set of ideas and approaches that a geographically informed person needs to know and understand

2、. 每个标准提供了一组在地理上获悉的人的思想和方法，需要知道和了解。 THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS 在空间方面的世界 Geography studies the relationships between people, places, and environments by mapping information about them into a spatial context. 地理研究关于他们的信息映射到空间范围内的人，地点和环境之间的关系。The geographically informed person knows and understands. 在地理

3、上知情的人知道和了解. Geography Standard 1: 地理标准1： How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective 如何使用地图和其他地理陈述，工具和收购的技术，工艺，和报告信息从空间的角度 By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands: 到四年级结

4、束时，学生知道和理解：1. 1。 The characteristics and purposes of geographic representations-such as maps, gloves, graphs, diagrams, aerial and other photographs, and satellite-produced images 的地理陈述-比如地图，手套，图形，图表，航空和其他的照片和卫星产生图像的特点和用途 2. 2。 The characteristics and purposes of tools and technologies-such as refer

5、ence works and computer-based geographic information systems 的工具和技术-如参考作品和以计算机为基础的地理信息系统的特点和用途 3. 3。 How to display spatial information on maps and other geographic representations 如何显示在地图上的空间信息和其他地理陈述 4. 4。 How to use appropriate geographic tools and technologies 如何使用适当的地理工具和技术 Therefore, the stude

6、nt is able to: 因此，学生能够：A. Identify and describe the characteristics and purposes of geographic representations, tools, and technologies, as exemplified by being able to: A.识别和描述的特点和目的的的地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够：Examine a variety of maps to identify and describe their basic elements （title, legend, cardinal di

7、rections, 检查各种地图，以确定和描述他们的基本元素（标题，图例，主要方向， intermediate directions, grid, principal parallels, meridians, scale） 中间的方向，电网，主要的相似之处，经络，规模） Interpret aerial photographs or satellite-produced image to locate and identify physical and human features （eg mountain ranges, rivers, vegetation regions, cities

8、, dams, reservoirs） 解读航空摄影或卫星生成的图像定位和识别的物理和人性化功能（如山脉，河流，植被区，市，水坝，水库） Design a map that displays information selected by the student, using symbols explained in a key 设计由学生选择的信息，显示在地图上，用符号解释在一个关键 B. Show spatial information on geographic representations, as exemplified by being able to: B.显示空间信息的地理陈述

9、，例如能够：Read a narrative and then create a sketch map to illustrate the narrative （eg, make a map showing the movement of a family of ducks as described in Make Way for Ducklings; or after reading the Little House series by Laura Ingalls Wilder make a map of where the Ingalls family lived） 阅读叙事，然后创建一个

10、示意图来说明的叙述（例如，使地图显示一个家庭的鸭子让路雏鸭的运动或阅读威尔德的小房子系列地图Ingalls家庭生活） Report regional data in both a two-dimensional format （eg, by using proportional symbols drawn on a map） and a three-dimensional format （eg, stacking a proportionate number of counters on each region） 报告的区域中的数据二者的二维格式（例如，通过使用比例在地图上绘制的符号）和一个三

11、维的格式（例如，每个区域上层叠的柜台数目比例） Construct diagrams or charts to display spatial information （eg, construct a bar graph that compares the populations of the five largest cities in a US state） 构造图或图表显示空间信息（例如，建立一个条形图在美国的一个州五大城市的人口比较） C. Use geographic representations, tools, and technologies to answer geograp

12、hic questions, as exemplified by being able to: C.使用地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够回答地理问题：Use a map grid （eg, alphanumeric system） to answer the question - What is this location? 使用的地图网格（例如，字母数字系统）来回答这个问题-这是什么位置？ - as applied to places chosen by the teacher and student （eg latitude/longitude） -适用于由教师和学生选择的地方（例如：纬度/

13、经度） Use thematic maps to answer questions about human distributions （eg, What explains the distribution of the human population on Earth?） 使用对人类的分布回答问题（例如，如何解释地球上的人口分布专题地图） Use different types of map scales （linear, fractional, and word scale） to measure the distance between two places in response t

14、o the question-How far is location A from location B? 在回应这个问题，使用不同类型的地图比例尺（线性，分数，字量表）来测量两地之间的距离-位置A位置B有多远？Geography Standard 2: How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context 地理标准2：如何使用心理映射到组织的空间环境中的人，地点和环境的信息 By the end of the fourth grade

15、, the student knows and understands : 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解 ： The locations of places within the local community and in nearby communities 在当地社区和附近社区的地方的位置 The location of Earths continents and oceans in relation to each other and to principal parallels and meridians 地球的大陆和海洋的关系，彼此主要的Parallels和经络的位置 The l

16、ocation of major physical and human features in the United States and on Earth 在美国和地球上主要的物理和人类的功能的位置 A. Identify major physical and human features at a variety of scales （local to global） using maps, globes, and other sources of graphic information, as exemplified by being able to A.确定的主要物理和人性化功能，例如

17、能够在不同的尺度（从地方到全球）使用地图，地球仪和其他来源的图形信息 Use symbols to locate, identify, and mark features of the local community （eg shopping areas, restaurants, fire stations, schools, post offices） on a prepared base map 使用符号，定位，识别和标记功能，当地社区（例如购物区，餐厅，消防局，学校，邮局）在准备的基础地图 Use labels and symbols to locate and identify ph

18、ysical and human features （eg largest cities, rivers, recreation areas, historic sites, landforms, power plants） on a prepared base map of the state or United States 使用标签和符号来定位和识别物质和人力上一个国家或美国准备底图的功能（例如最大的城市，河流，游憩区，历史遗迹，地貌，电厂） Identify physical and human features along a great circle route between t

19、wo places （eg, Los Angeles and Moscow, Singapore and Buenos Aires） using a globe, maps, and other sources of graphic information 确定了一大圈之间的路由功能，以及两地（例如，洛杉矶，莫斯科，新加坡，布宜诺斯艾利斯）用一个地球仪，地图，图文信息和其他来源的物质和人力 B. Use a mental map to identify the locations of places, as exemplified by being able to B.使用的心理地图，以确定位

20、置的地方，例如能够 Draw a sketch map from memory of the local community showing the route to and from school, to and from stores, and to and from recreational facilities 画一个示意图，并从内存中的当地社区的路线，从学校，从商店和娱乐设施 Prepare a sketch map to indicate the approximate locations of places, both local and global, features in

21、a newspaper or television news story 准备一个示意图来表示的大致位置的地方，局部和全局，在报纸或电视新闻报道的功能 Answer questions about the locations of places （eg, Is Maine farther east than Florida ? Is Singapore closer to Europe or North America ? The Suez Canal connects the Red Sea with what other sea?） 回答问题的地方的位置（例如，缅因州更远的东部佛罗里达州是

22、新加坡更接近欧洲或北美苏伊士运河连接红海与其他海？） C. Sketch an accurate map to answer questions about the locations of physical and human features, as exemplified by being able to C.画出准确的地图，回答问题的位置，物质和人力的功能，例如能够 Sketch a map showing the location of the local community in relation to major landmarks （eg, a major river, cit

23、y, or landform） 画出一张地图上显示的位置，当地社区关系的主要地标（例如，一条主要河流，城市或地貌） Use a sketch map indicating the approximate location of major mountain ranges in the world to illustrate a geographic idea （eg, to explain the rain-shadow effect of mountains, or to show how mountains can affect transportation routes） 使用草图地图，

24、标明在世界上的主要山脉的大致位置，说明了地理的想法（例如，解释雨山的阴影效果，或显示山上可以如何影响运输路线） Mark and label the locations of places discussed in history, language arts, science, and other school subjects （eg, use sketch maps regularly, as a matter of habit, to place historic events in their spatial contexts or depict countries or regio

25、ns read about in language arts） 标记和标签的位置在历史上所讨论的地方，语言艺术，科学和其他学科（例如，使用定期绘制草图，作为一个习惯问题，将历史事件的空间环境或描绘中读到的国家或地区，语言艺术） D. Describe selected geographic features on the basis of using mental maps, as exemplified by being able to D.描述选定的地理特征的基础上，使用心理地图，能够举出 Write a short account from memory illustrated with

26、 a sketch map, describing the location of a shopping mall, a neighboring city, the downtown area of the community, and other important features of the local region 写一个简短的帐户从一个示意图所示的内存，描述一个商场的位置，相邻的城市，市中心区的社会，和其他重要功能的局部区域 Write a description from memory of the physical and human characteristics of th

27、e state in which the student lives and create a sketch map to Illustrate the account 从内存中的状态的自然和人文特征的描述写的学生生活，创造一个示意图来说明帐户 Write a brief summary from memory of the distribution of physical and human features in different regions of the United States and world （eg, the distribution of population in m

28、id-latitude regions of the world） 分布在美国和世界的不同地区（如人口分布在中纬度地区的世界的物质和人力的功能从内存中写一个简短的总结） Geography Standard 3: How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earths surface 地理标准3：如何分析地球表面上的人，地点和环境的空间组织 The spatial elements of point, line, area, and volume 空间点，线，面积和体积元素 Th

29、e spatial concepts of location, distance, direction, scale, movement, and region 位置，距离，方向，规模，运动，和地区的空间概念 That places and features are distributed spatially across Earths surface 整个地球表面的空间分布位置和功能 The causes and consequences of spatial interaction on Earths surface 地球表面上的空间相互作用的原因和后果 A. Analyze Earths

30、 surface in terms of its spatial elements of point, line, area, and volume, as exemplified by being able to: A.分析地球表面的空间要素的点，线，面积和体积，例如能够：Use a simple map to identify physical and human features in terms of the four spatial elements （eg, locations point, transportation and communication routes line, regions area, lakes filled with water volume.） 使用一个简单的地图，以确定物质和人力的四个空间要素的功能（例如，位置点，交通和通讯线路线，区域区域，装满水的湖泊量。