工商管理施工成本中英文对照外文翻译文献文档格式.docx

1、 scope reduction; Value EngineeringValue engineering （VE） has been defined as a systematic method to improve the value of goods and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or

2、reducing the cost.It is a primary tenet of value engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements . VE is a process originating at General Electric Company （GE） during World War II. Because of shortages of skilled labor, raw materials, and component parts, engi

3、neers at GElooked for acceptable alternates and often found substitutions that resulted in reduced costs and/or product improvement.GE developed a systematic process that they called value analysis. Over the years the name gradually changed to VE. The basic steps of VE include the following： Informa

4、tion gathering: project requirements defined, function analysis. Alternates: various ways of meeting the requirements and functions. Evaluation: assessment of alternates on how well they meet requirements and costs savings. Presentation: selection of best alternatives to be presented to client for d

5、ecisions. True VE evaluates life cycle costs such as initial cost, maintenance cost, operational cost, life span, time value of money, replacement cost, and frequency of replacement. VE can be undertaken at any stage of the building design process; however, it is most effective in the early stages,

6、since it is less costly to make changes to preliminary documents .Scope ReductionScope reduction involves identifying areas of the project scope of work that can be reduced in quality, quantity, or both in a manner that is acceptable to the owner.Scope reduction items of work often consist of materi

7、al or equipment substitutions that lower the cost of the project, but may not be an equal substitute. An example of quantity scope reduction would be to reduce the guttering system on a pitched roof from the entire roof perimeter to entrances only. A quality scope reduction example would be to provi

8、de vinyl composition floor tiles （VCT） in lieu of ceramic floor tiles.After a project has been determined to be out of budget because of high bids, the project is normally either cancelled, redesigned and re-bid, or negotiations are held with the low bidder to reach an acceptable contract amount. Fo

9、r the building contractor that is selected for negotiations, this is an opportunity to move toward project award and to also build a relationship of trust and openness with the owner and design team that could lead to future projects.First, the building contractor should meet with the owner and desi

10、gn team to fully understand the owners project requirements, priorities, life cycle considerations, and budget.Next, the building contractors role is to use his estimating and construction expertise to analyze various components and systems within the project for alternate solutions. The contractor

11、should also bring in key subcontractors and suppliers who are often able to identify alternate materials and/or systems within their specialties. Each division of work should be examined and evaluated for VE solutions. In past years, this process and service was considered part of the building contr

12、actors overhead. However, in todays market, some contractors will negotiate rates and be reimbursed for the time and effort that they spend in this process in the event that theproject is not awarded to them. The work breakdown structure （WBS） can be a helpful tool to the building contractor in anal

13、yzing the various components and systems within a building project. The WBS is a tree-type structure of functional systems used to classify the project on a level-by-level basis . This breakdown structure facilitates the evaluation of each system of the project from the building foundations to the c

14、ompleted sitework.Questions to Ask or Areas and/to Consider by WBSThis section provides a list of areas for the building contractor to examine and/or questions to ask in the WBS system level format for cost saving alternatives. Some of these changes can be accomplishedwithout major re-design cost an

15、d incorporated into the construction documents in the form of an addendum. Other changes listed would require extensive re-design and time delays.SUBSTRUCTUREHave alternate types of foundation system been considered? wood piles in lieu of precast; drilled caissons vs. piles; mat foundations in place

16、 of piles or caissons.Evaluate sand base in place of gravel or stone under slab on grade.SUPERSTRUCTUREHave alternate types of building structures been evaluated? structural steel, precast concrete, cast in place concrete, light gauge steel framing or wood framing systems.Compare Alternate Stair Sys

17、tems. steel pan stairs vs. precast concrete or cast in place concrete.EXTERIOR CLOSUREEvaluate exterior wall systems. Light gauge metal framing in lieu of reinforced concrete masonry units. Can wall widths or gauges be reduced?Compare sheathing systems. Fiber sheathings in place of cement boards.Rev

18、iew alternate wall insulation systems. Batt insulations, rigid insulation materials, loose fill block insulation.Consider alternate exterior wall veneers. Conventional stucco versus exterior insulation finish system. Brick or precast in lieu of stone.Evaluate alternate glazing systems. Can exterior

19、glazed areas be reduced? Storefronts in lieu of curtainwalls if code allows. Painted aluminum in lieu of stainless steel or brass framing.Review exterior entrances. Manual entrance doors in place of automatic entrances. Automatic entrances in lieu of revolving doors. Cedar entrance doors rather than

20、 mahogany.Examine exterior railing systems. aluminum or cable systems in lieu of glass; standard designs in place of custom elements;ROOFINGEvaluate the specified roofing with alternative materials. Combined metal decking/insulation systems in lieu of separate systems. Interior batt insulation in pl

21、ace of rigid roof insulation. Built-up roofing vs. single ply membranes. Fiberglass or concrete tiles in lieu of clay tiles. Painted metals in place of copper. Can the specified gauge of metal roofing be lowered? Eliminate or reduce the guttering system? Can skylights be reduced or styles changed? A

22、re standard warranties specified?INTERIOR CONSTRUCTIONExamine interior wall systems. Can light gauge metal-framed walls be used in lieu of concrete masonry units? Can wall thicknesses or gauges be reduced? Are drywall systems being used in lieu of plaster? Examine interior doors and hardware. Are th

23、e specified doors standard sizes or custom? Have alternate wood door species been considered? Have alternate hardware styles or manufacturers been compared? Can manual doors be used in lieu of automatic? Are the doors pre-machined for hardware installation? Compare pre-finishing doors with finishing

24、 on-site.Review interior specialties. Have alternate types of toilet partitions been considered? Prefinished metals vs. plastic laminates. Can vinyl corner guards be used rather than metal? Metal lockers vs. wood. Have special partitions been evaluated? Plastic veneers in lieu of wood. Can the sound

25、 rating be reduced? Defer installation? Has the access flooring system been evaluated? Standard floor finishes rather than custom?INTERIOR FINISHESEvaluate interior wall finishes. Painted wall finishes in lieu of wallcovering. Epoxy coatings in place of tile finishes. FRP instead of stainless steel.

26、 Are textured drywall systems being used rather than plaster?Examine interior floor finishes. Resilient flooring vs. ceramic or wood. Ceramic flooring in lieu of stone. Tile or stone in place of terrazzo. Alternate carpet manufacturers.Review alternate ceiling finishes. Standard ceiling vs. custom.

27、Fiber ceiling vs. metal.CONVEYING SYSTEMSReview specified elevators and escalators. Have alternate manufacturers been considered? Are standard interior elevator cab finishes specified or custom? Can glass walls be eliminated?SITE PREPARATION Has a site work analysis been performed to balance cuts and fills.SITE IMPROVEMENTS Can paved areas be reduced or more economical paving materials used? Has resurfacing