考研英语基础语法知识必备选Word文档格式.docx

1、（名词）Adversity makes a man wise,not rich.患难使人聪明，但不能使人致富。（形容词）状语：She did it out of curiosity.他出于好奇做了这件事（原因状语）Spray the area regularly to kill bugs.这个地方要经常喷洒才能杀死臭虫。（目的状语）Taken/If it is taken out of context, the sentence is ambiguous.脱离上下文，句子的意思就含糊不清了（条件状语）An oak is not felled at one stroke.橡树不是一下就能砍倒的（

2、方式状语）She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.她含着泪水说再见。（伴随状语）To a great extent, it is not fair.在很大程度上，这是不公平的。（程度状语）定语：单词用作定语时，置于所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句用作定语时，一般置于所修饰的名词之后。up-to-date equipment（形容词）先进的设备。Thats the way to do it.（不定式）那正是做此事的方法。The tree in the backyard was blown down.（介词短语）后院那棵树被风刮倒了。同位语：用于来解释或说明该名

3、词或代词的句子成分。We demand a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.我们保证不再发生类似事件。4.句子类型：复合句：包含两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主体，称为主句。并列复合句：由一个复合句和另一个简单句或复合句并列连词连接而成的句子。Fields have eyes,and woods have ears.隔墙有耳（并列句：并列连词连接两简单句）5.三步读懂长难句:（1）找出全句的主干：利用谓语动词破解句子主干。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词；非谓语动词不受人称和数的变化的限制；非谓语动

4、词在句中可当名词或形容词使用，作定语、状语等。（2）确定从属类型及从属关系：根据引导词前单词的词性。引导词前世名词，为定语从句或同位语从句。两者的区分诀窍，同位语从句that只起连接作用，定语从句引导词在从句中作成分。One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.难题之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学依然从心态

5、、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。 （3）确定修饰成分：主谓表宾宾补是句子的主干，其他起修饰作用的定语、同位语、状语就是句子的枝叶。In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen with their teeth.在1988 年公布的一个实验中，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家福利次斯塔克要求实验试用者用牙齿咬住一只笔。6.名词性从句：三类引导词（不充当句

6、子成分的连接词that;whether,if. 连接代词what;who;whom;whose;whatever;which连接副词when;why;how;where）从句引导词的选择取决于它在从句中充当的成分。（1）主语从句：许多情况下为了平衡句子，采用it形式主语，主语从句后置。（2）表语从句：“主语+系动词+表语从句”结构What is troubling me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work.使我苦恼的是做这个工作，我经验不多。（3）宾语从句：及物动词或介词后作宾语双宾语动词后作直接宾语 “及物动词+i

7、t+宾补+宾语从句”We consider it necessary that you have a clear understanding of the situation.我认为你有必要认清形势（that为真正宾语结构）（4）同位语从句：跟在某些名词（即先行词）后，that为最常见引导词，不能省略。某些名词通常有：hope,fact,news,agreement,belief,concept,idea,suggestion,doubt,decision,possibility,evidence.There is a popular saying that family instabilit

8、y causes social instability.有一种流行的说法，认为家庭的不稳定导致了社会的不稳定。（that从句作saying的同位语。）7.定语从句：修饰名词或代词（先行词）的从句，相当于“形容词”作用。定语从句的引导词也叫关系词，包括关系代词that;which;whose.关系副词when;where;why.（1）读懂“介词+关系代词”结构Its a theory to which many economists subscribe.这是许多经济学家赞成的一种理论。（to与从句中的subscribe搭配）The documents for which they were s

9、earching have been recovered.他们找寻的文件已经找到了。（for与从句中的searching搭配）There are occasions on which one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（on与occasions搭配，作从句时间状语）（2）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：前者对先行词加以限制，去掉定语从句句意不完整；后者对先行词其补充说明作用，“，+关系词”，省略句意完整。后者还可替代整个主句含义。He made great contributions to the science of physics,for which he was

10、 awarded the Nobel Prize.他在物理学领域做出了杰出贡献，因此被授予诺贝尔奖。（which替代great contributions.physics,for与从句谓语构成be awarded.for搭配，for which在从句中作原因状语。He turned a deaf ear to my demands,which enraged me.他对我的要求置之不理，这使我很气愤。（which代表整个主句含义，在从句中作主语。（3）特殊定语从句： as引导的非限制性定语从句，多用于固定搭配（as was discussed,as is pointed out,as is o

11、ften the case,as was expected,such.as.。than引导的定语从句，代替形容词比较级修饰的名词作从句句子成分。He opposed the idea,as could be expected.正如预料的那样，他反对这个意见。（as与could be expected搭配，代表整个主句含义。Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.现在的孩子在家里受到的监督可能比传统家庭中的孩子要少。（than与

12、比较级less呼应，than代替supervision，作从句主语。8.状语从句：Do it the way you were taught.招教你的那样去做。the way=as，方式时间状语从句：when（ever）,while,as,till,until,since,after.原因状语从句：because,since,as,for the reason that,in that.让步状语从句：（al）though,even if,whereas,while,even though.条件状语从句：if,unless,suppose（假设假定）in case（that）,in the ev

13、ent（that）,as long as 目的状语从句：so that,so,in order that,in case,lest.结果状语从句：that,so （that）,such.that,with the result that.比较状语从句：as.as,the same as,such.as,than.方式状语从句：as,as if,as though,the way,how.地点状语从句：where（ever）,everywhere,anywhere.（2）so that引导的结果状语从句与主句一般用“，”隔开，位于主句后；其引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can,might,cou

14、ld连用，相当于in order that,可置于主句前。He spoke at the top of his voice,so that the students at the back heard him.他大声说话，结果后面的同学都听见了。（结果状语从句）He spoke at the top of his voice so that the students at the back could hear him.他大声说话，为的是后面的同学能听见。（目的状语从句）9.并列平行结构：并列连词累积连词and,as well as,moreover,besides,in addition.

15、转折连词but,however,nevertheless,while,on the contrary. 选择连词or,either.or.,neither.nor. 因果连词so,therefore,consequently,hence.Todays immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.如今的移民既未达到历史高峰但也不排斥同化。（neither.nor连接并列成分，作句子表语）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for th

16、ought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standard of elegance.同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和显得思维对象，给优雅以新的标准。（as well as 连接并列成分，作句子中主语）10.非谓语动词结构：现在分词（表示主动或进行状态），过去分词（被动或完成状态），不定式和动名词。（1）分词作状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致；也可与自身逻辑主语一起构成独立主格结构。Weather permitting,.;All things considered,.（2）不定式“t

17、o+动词原形”，可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分。We believe him to be guilty.我们认为他有罪。（作宾语him的补足语）（3）动名词（短语）在句中充当主、表、宾、定语等。分词作定、状、补语。11.分隔结构:为了平衡句子结构，或使上下文连接更加紧密。（1）主谓分隔：Devoted concertgoers who reply that recording are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.忠实的音乐会常客会反驳说，录制品不能取代现场演奏，但这样说就没有抓住要领。（主句主语和系表结构被包含

18、宾语从句的定语从句分隔）（2）动宾分隔/搭配分隔（3）定语从句/同位语从句与先行词的分隔：Word came to us that our suggestion had been adopted.传来消息说我们的建议已被采纳。（先行词和同位语从句被谓语came to us 隔开。（4）插入语：识别标志：破折号，逗号“.”，“，. ，”12.倒装结构:分为完全倒装和部分倒装。（1）完全倒装：指整个谓语动词或整个谓语部分都在主语前。以here，there,then,now开头的句子；地点状语置于句首且主语为名词时；句首为表示方向的副词，如from,out,down,in,up,away等，且谓语动

19、词为go,come等表示移动的词；表语置于句首，且有时主语较长，在这种情况下，为了使句子平衡、避免头重脚轻，主语和谓语要完全倒装。Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned,shared,and patterned behavior.在泰勒的定义当中还蕴含着这样的观念，即文化是一种习得的、共享的、模式化的行动。（本句为完全倒装，主语的concept,谓语动词是is，表语implicit within Tylors definition,构成“表系主”完全倒装结构。that引导的从句作the c

20、oncept的同位语。（2）部分倒装：即将助动词（do,does,did,have,has,had）、be动词、情态助动词（will,can,should,must等）置于主语前，谓语的其余部分置于主语后。否定副词或含否定意义的短语作状语位于句首； “only+状语”位于句首；hardly.when,no sooner.than,not until.等固定结构中；句首为so,nor,neither等副词；省略if的虚拟条件句；as引导让步状语从句。Had I accepted his advice, I would have succeeded now.如果我接受了他的建议，现在我早就成功了。

21、13.比较结构：（1）（2）XX文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构：前部分是状从，后部分表示结果的主句是随前部分变化而变化。即越.越.（3）as比较结构： “as.as和.一样”结构（否定式not so/as.as）； “not so much.as.与其.不如.”结构（否定前者，肯定后者）XX文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work.与其说成功在于运气，不如说在于辛勤劳动。（4）than 比较结构： more than“不只是，极其”no more.than./not.

22、any more than.“.与.一样不”no/none other.than“除.之外没有别的.，不是别的.正是.”No fuels other than petroleum will be fit for this purpose.除石油外其他燃料都不适于这种用途。（5）句型“A is to B what C is to D”，what为连词用来比较两种事物之间相似的关系，意为“（A之于B）就如同（C之于D）一样”Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气对于人就像水对于鱼一样重要。14.否定结构（1）部分否定：表示“所有”、“通常”概念的代词或副词a

23、ll/both/every/always/completely+not表示“并非所有.都是.”（2）双重否定：出现两个具有否定意义的词，表达强烈的肯定；（3）否定转移：宾语从句中的否定转移：主句谓语动词（think,believe,suppose,consider,expect等）because原因状语从句的否定转移。I dont suppose he cares我看他不在乎。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was used up.发动机并不因为油用完而停止运作。15.省略结构（1）并列结构的省略：如省略主谓结构。（2主从结构的省略：有些表示条件、

24、方式或让步等的从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包含有be动词，常可以把从句主语和be动词省略。However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough. 完整为when（people are）exposed然而，研究表明，即使对某种气味一开始不太敏感的人，如果经常闻这种气味，有一天突然也能敏感起来。16.虚拟语气：表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议

25、、可能等非真实情况。（1）if虚拟条件句的三种形式：与现在事实相反：If.did/were.,.should/would/could/might do与过去事实相反：If.had done,should/would/could/might+have done与将来事实相反：If.did/should do/were to do.,.should/would/could/might do。（2）用于宾语从句:表示“建议、命令、要求”等动词后接宾语从句时，谓语用虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形”，这类动词有：advise,commend,require,demand.determine,ins

26、ist,propose,order,recommend.（3）用于同位语、表语、主语从句:某些名词后面所接的表语从句或同位语从句常用虚拟语气，这些名词如“suggestion，advice,decision,demand,proposal,order,resolution,request,desire.”虚拟语气用于主语从句结构“It is +adj.+that”that引导的主语从句，从句谓语动词为“（should）+动词原形”。这类形容词有appropriate,advisable,desirable,important,necessary,vital,urgent,essential.（

27、4）用于含蓄条件句：but for,without,otherwise,in the absence of.（5）用于状语从句：lest,in case或for fear that引导的状语从句，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”Henry went through the documents carefully for fear that he （should） overlook any important data.亨利认真地看文件，唯恐漏看任何重要数据。as if和as though引导的方式状语从句，谓语动词的变化要依据对过去、现在、将来不同的假设选择适当的动词虚拟式，与由if引导的非真实条件句的谓语动词形式一样。最终搞明白五类问题：1.双宾语句式与宾+宾补句式的区分；2.区分双宾语与目的状语；3.区分同位语与定语从句；4.非谓语动词的三种形式，所作成分 5.限制性与非限制性定语从句。