高中英语语法和构词法Word格式.docx

1、 Where do you live?3） Those which express commands, request, or entreaties;表达命令、要求或请求的祈使句Be quiet.Have mercy upon us.4） Those which express strong feelings;表达强烈感情的感叹句 How cold the night is! What a shame!A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or Assertive sentence.做出陈述

2、或声明的句子称为陈述句。A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence.提出问题的句子称为疑问句。A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an Imperative sentence.表达命令、或请求的句子称为祈使句A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an exclamatory sentence.表达强烈感情的句子称为感叹句。Chapter 2: Subjec

3、t and Predicate第二章：主语和谓语3. When we make a sentence, we name some person or thing; and say something about that person or things. In other word, we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something about that subject. Hence every sentence has two parts.当我们造句时，我们说某人或某事，然后对某人或某事

4、进行说明。换句话说，我们必须有一个谈论的主语，然后必须对那个主语进行说明。1） The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about. This is called the Subject of the sentence.指明我们谈论的某人或某事的那部分称为句子的主语。2） The part which tells something about the Subject. This is called the Predicate of the sentence.对主语进行说明的那部分称为句子的谓语。4. The subje

5、ct of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the Predicate; 句子的主语通常在前面，但偶尔也出现在谓语的后面。例如 Here comes the bus. Down went the Royal George.5. In Imperative sentences the Subject is left out; 祈使句句中，主语省略。 Sit down. （省略了主语You） Thank you. （省略了主语I）Exercise in Grammar 1语法练习一指出下列句子中的主语

6、和谓语：1. The cackling of geese saved Rome.2. The boy stood on the burning deck.3. Tubal Cain was a man of might.4. Stone walls do not a prison make.5. The singing of the birds delights us.6. Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day.7. He has a good memory.8. Bad habits grow unconsciously.9. The earth

7、revolves round the sun.10. Nature is the best physician.11. Edison invented the phonograph.12. We cant pump the ocean dry.13. All matter is indestructible.14. We should profit by experience.15. All roads lead to Rome.16. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.17. No man can serve two masters.18. The

8、dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.19. A barking sound the shepherd hears.20. I shot an arrow into the air.Chapter 3: The Phrase and the Clause第三章：短语和从句6. Examine the group of words “in the corner”. It makes sense, but not complete sense. Such a group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sens

9、e, is called a Phrase.看一下“in the corner”这一组单词，它具有意义，但意义不完整。具有意义，但意义不完整的一组词称为短语。In the following sentence, the groups of words in italics are Phrases:下列句子中斜体部分都是短语：The sun rises in the east.Jack sat on the wall.There came a giant to my door.It was a sunset of great beauty.The tops of the mountains we

10、re covered with snow.Show me how to do it.7. Examine the groups of words in italic in the following sentences:仔细查看下列句子中的斜体短语He has a chain of gold.He has a chain which is made of gold.We recognize the first group of words as a Phrase. The second group of words, unlike the Phrase of gold, contains a

11、Subject （which） and a Predicate （is made of gold）. Such a group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a Subject and a Predicate, is called a Clause.我们知道第一句中的斜体部分为一短语。第二句中的斜体部分含有一个主语（which）和一个谓语（is made of gold）。构成句子的一部分，并包含主语和谓语的这样一组词语称为从句。In the following sentences, the groups of wo

12、rds in italics are Clauses.下列句子中的斜体部分是从句：People who pay their debts are trusted.We cant start while it is raining.I think that you have made a mistake.Chapter 4: Parts of Speech第四章：词性8. Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech, according to their use; that is, accord

13、ing to the work they do in a sentence. The parts of Speech are eight in number:根据单词的使用，即，它们在句子中所起的作用，单词可以分为八种类型。1. Noun 2. Adjective 3. Pronoun 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Injection9. A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing; 名词是用于人名、地名和物质名称的词，例如Akbar was

14、 a great King.Calcutta is on the Hooghly.The rose smells sweet.The sun shines bright.His courage won him honor.Note: The word thing includes 1） all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; 2） something that we can think of, but cant perceive by the senses.这里的物质包括我们能够看到、听到、尝到、触摸到或闻到地所有东

15、西，和我们能够想到但靠五官感知不到的东西。10. An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun; 形容词是修饰名词使其含义更准确的词。例如，He is a brave boy.There are twenty boys in this class.11. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; 代词是用来指代名词的词。John is absent, because he is ill.The books are where you left them.1

16、2. A verb is a word used to say something about some person, place, or thing; 动词是讲述某人、某地或某物的词。The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.Calcutta is a big town.Iron and copper are useful metals.13. An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; 副词是修饰动

17、词、形容词或另一个副词的词。He worked the sum quickly.This flower is very beautiful.She pronounced the word quite correctly.14. A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else;介词是和名词或代词一起用来表示名词或代词指代的人或物与其它某物关

18、系的词。There is cow in the garden.The girl is fond of music.A fair little girl sat under a tree.15. A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences; 连词是用来连接单词或句子的词。Rama and Hari are cousins.Two and Two make four.I ran fast, but missed the train.16. An Interjection is a word which expresses some

19、 sudden feeling; 叹词是用来表示突然感情的词。Hurrah! We have won the game.Alas! She is dead.17. As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in sentences, it is clear that we cant say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it used in a sentence. 由于单词是根据它们在句子中所起的作用来分类的，所以

20、，在没有看到句子前，我们不能说它属于那类词。They arrived soon after. （句中after是副词）They arrived after us. （句中after介词）They arrived after we had left. （句中after连词）From the above examples we see that the same word can be used as different parts of speech.从上述例句中，我们看到同一单词可以用作不同的词性。Exercise in Grammar 2语法练习2Name the parts of spee

21、ch of each italicized word in the following sentences, giving in each case your reason for the classification:说出下列句子中斜体单词的词性，并给出你的理由。1. Still water runs deep.2. He still lives in that house.3. After the storm comes the calm.4. The after effects of the drugs are bad.5. It weighs about a pound.6. He t

22、old us all about the battle.7. He was only a yard off me.8. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.9. Dont speak so fast.10. He kept the fast for a week.11. She is a fast runner.12. He is on the committee.13. Let us move on.14. Sit down and read a while.15. I will watch while you sleep.16. They while a

23、way their evenings with books and games.Chapter 5: The Nouns and its Classification第五章：名词及其分类18. A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. 名词是用来表示人，地方或物质名称的词 The word thing is used to mean anything that we can think of.物质指的是我们能够想到的任何东西。19. Look at the following sentence:请看下面的句子：

24、 Asoka was a wise king.The noun Asoka refers to a particular king, but the noun king might be applied to any other king as well as to Asoka. We call Asoka a Proper Noun, and king a Common Noun.名词Asoka指的是一个特别的国王，而名词king可以用来指任何其他的国王以及Asoka。我们称Asoka为专有名词，king为普通名词。Similarly:同样地，Sita is a Proper Noun, w

25、hile girl is a Common Noun.Hari is a Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun.Calcutta is a Proper Noun, while town is a Common Noun.India is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.The word girl is a Common Noun, because it is a name common to all girls, while Sita is a Proper Noun because it

26、is the name of a particular girl. 单词girl是一个普通名词，因为它是所有girl共有的名字，而Sita是一个专有名词，因为它一个特别girl的名字。A common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.普通名词是同一类人或东西共有的名字。A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person, thing or place.专有名词某一特别的人，东西或地方的名称。Note 1: Pro

27、per Nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.注1：专有名词的第一个字母总是大写。Note 2: Proper Nouns are sometimes used as Common Nouns;注2：专有名词有时用来作为普通名词。例如：1） He was the Lukman （=the wisest man） of his age. 专有名词Lukman作普通名词用指的是最聪明的人。2） Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare （=the greatest dra

28、matist） of India. 专有名词Shakespeare作普通名词用指的是最伟大的剧作家。Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns.普通名词包括集体名词和抽象名词20. A Collective Noun is the name of a number （ or collection） of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole;集体名词是许多人或许多东西被看作一个整体的名词。Crowd, mob,

29、team, flock, herd, army, fleet, family, nation, parliament, committeeA fleet = a collection of ships or vesselsAn army = a collection of soldiersA crowd = a collection of peopleThe police dispersed the crowd.The French army was defeated at Waterloo.The jury found the prisoner guilty.A herd of cattle

30、 is passing.以上句中的斜体均为集体名词。21. An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs;抽象名词通常是认为与其所属物体分开的表示品质、行动或状态的名词。Quality: goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, wisdom, bravery,表示品质：善良，友好，白，黑暗，坚硬，明亮，智慧，勇敢Action