会计舞弊财务舞弊外文文献翻译文档格式.docx

1、26（:2）.英文原文 Global Corporate Accounting Frauds and Action for ReformsIbrahim BadawiSt. Johns UniversityAbstractThe recent wave of corporate fraudulent financial reporting has prompted global actions for reforms in corporate governance and financial reporting, by governments and accounting and auditi

2、ng standard-setting bodies in the U.S. and internationally, including the European Commission; the International Federation of Accountants; the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; and others, in order to restore investor confidence in financial reporting, the accounting profession

3、 and global financial markets.IntroductionDuring the recent series of corporate fraudulent financial reporting incidents in the U.S., similar corporate scandals were disclosed in several other countries. Almost all cases of foreign corporate accounting frauds were committed by entities that conduct

4、their businesses in more than one country, and most of these entities are also listed on U.S. stock exchanges. Following the legislative and regulatory reforms of corporate America, resulting from the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002, reforms were also initiated worldwide. The primary purpose of this paper

5、 is twofold: （1） to identify the prominent American and foreign companies involved in fraudulent financial reporting and the nature of accounting irregularities they committed; and （2） to highlight the global reaction for corporate reforms which are aimed at restoring investor confidence in financia

6、l reporting, the public accounting profession and global capital markets.Cases of Global Corporate Accounting FraudsThe list of corporate financial accounting scandals in the U.S. is extensive, and each one was the result of one or more creative accounting irregularities. Exhibit 1 identifies a samp

7、le of U.S. companies that committed such fraud and the nature of their fraudulent financial reporting activities.Who Commits Financial Fraud and How There are three groups of business people who commit financial statement frauds. They range from senior management （CEO and CFO）; mid- and lower-level

8、management; and organizational criminals 6,16. CEOs and CFOs commit accounting frauds to conceal true business performance, to preserve personal status and control and to maintain personal income and wealth. Mid- and lower-level employees falsify financial statements related to their area of respons

9、ibility （subsidiary, division or other unit） to conceal poor performance and/or to earn performance-based bonuses. Organizational criminals falsify financial statements to obtain loans or to inflate a stock they plan to sell in a “pump-and-dump” scheme. Methods of financial statement schemes range f

10、rom fictitious or fabricated revenues; altering the times at which revenues are recognized; improper asset valuations and reporting; concealing liabilities and expenses; and improper financial statement disclosures.Global Regulatory Action for Corporate and Accounting ReformsIn response to corporate

11、 and accounting scandals, the effects of which are still being felt throughout the U.S. economy, and in order to protect public interest and to restore investor confidence in the capital market, U.S. lawmakers, in a compromise by the House and Senate, passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. President

12、 Bush signed this Act into law （Public Law 107-204） on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U.S. and non-U.S. companies whose securities are listed or traded on U.S. stock exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to under

13、take measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The statutes of the Act, and the new SEC initiatives that followed 1,4,8,12,15, are considered the most significant legislation and regulations affecting the corporate community and the account

14、ing profession since 1933. Other U.S. regulatory bodies such as NYSE, NASDAQ and the State Societies of CPAs have also passed new regulations which place additional burdens on publicly traded companies and their external auditors. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act （SOA） is expressly applicable to any non-U.S.

15、company registered on U.S. exchanges under either the Securities Act of 1933 or the Security Exchange Act of 1934, regardless of country of incorporation or corporate domicile. Furthermore, external auditors of such registrants, regardless of their nationality or place of business, are subject to th

16、e oversight of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board （PCAOB） and to the statutory requirements of the SOA. The United States SOA has reverberated around the globe through the corporate and accounting reforms addressed by the International Federation of Accountants （IFAC）; the Organization fo

17、r Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD）; the European Commission （UC）; and authoritative bodies within individual European countries.International Federation of Accountants （IFAC）The IFAC is a private governance organization whose members are the national professional associations of accountan

18、ts. It formally describes itself as the global representative of the accounting profession, with the objective of serving the public interest, strengthening the worldwide accountancy profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies by establishing and promoting adhere

19、nce to high quality standards 9. The Federation represents accountancy groups worldwide and has served as a reminder that restoring public confidence in financial reporting and the accounting profession should be considered a global mission. It is also considered a key player in the global auditing

20、arena which, among other things, constructs international standards on auditing and has laid down an international ethical code for professional accountants 14. The IFAC has recently secured a degree of support for its endeavors from some of the worlds most influential international organizations in

21、 economic and financial spheres, including global Financial Stability Forum （FSF）, the International Organization of Securities Commissions （IOSCO）, the World Bank and, most significantly, the EC. In October 2002, IFAC commissioned a Task Force on Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting

22、to use a global perspective to consider how to restore the credibility of financial reporting and corporate disclosure. Its report, “Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting: An International Perspective,” includes recommendations for strengthening corporate governance, and raising the re

23、gulating standards of issuers. Among its conclusions and recommendations related to audit committees are:1. All public interest entities should have an independent audit committee or similar body. 2. The audit committee should regularly report to the board and should address concerns about financial

24、 information, internal controls or the audit. 3. The audit committee must meet regularly and have sufficient time to perform its role effectively. 4. Audit committees should have core responsibilities, including monitoring and reviewing the integrity of financial reporting, financial controls, the i

25、nternal audit function, as well as for recommending, working with and monitoring the external auditors. 5. Audit committee members should be financially literate and a majority should have “substantial financial experience.” They should receive further training as necessary on their responsibilities

26、 and on the company. 6. Audit committees should have regular private “executive sessions” with the outside auditors and the head of the internal audit department. These executive sessions should not include members of management. There should be similar meetings with the chief financial officer and

27、other key financial executives, but without other members of management. 7. Audit committee members should be independent of management. 8. There should be a principles-based approach to defining independence on an international level. Companies should disclose committee members credentials, remuner

28、ation and shareholdings. 9. Reinforcing the role of the audit committee should improve the relationship between the auditor and the company. The audit committee should recommend the hiring and firing of auditors and approve their fees, as well as review the audit plan. 10. The IFAC Code of Ethics sh

29、ould be the foundation for individual national independence rules. It should be relied on in making decisions on whether auditors should provide non-audit services. Non-audit services performed by the auditor should be approved by the audit committee.11. All fees, for audit and non-audit services, s

30、hould be disclosed to shareholders. 12. Key audit team members, including the engagement and independent review partners, should serve no longer than seven years on the audit. 13. Two years should pass before a key audit team member can take a position at the company as a director or any other impor

31、tant management positionOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD）The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD） is a quasi-think tank made up of 30 member countries, including the United States and United Kingdom, and it has working relationships with more than 7

32、0 other countries. In 2004, the OECD unveiled the updated revision of its “Principles of Corporate Governance” that had originally been adopted by its member governments （including the U.S. and UK） in 1999. Although they are nonbinding, the principles provide a reference for national legislation and regulation, as well as guidance for stock exchanges, investors, corporations and other parties 11,13. The principles have long become an international benchmark for