同济大学苏小卒版土木工程专业英语翻译考试整理秘籍解读Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process.工程关心的是, 使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。 理想化的使用和发展

2、建立可以确定行为的边界的程序,是过程的一部分。Many problems, by their very nature, can t be fully described even after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possibl

3、e solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering. 很多的问题,就其本身的性质而言,不能完全被描述 即使这一事实,在其开始 之前。 然而还必须找到对于这些问题可接受的工程解决方案, 来满足预定的需求。 直觉或判 断是建立可能的替代策略、 流程或解

4、决方案的关键因素。 。而这也是工程的一部分。Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structures include residential, office, and factory b

5、uildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to our convenience and safeguard our health. 土木工程

6、是工程的最多样化的分支机构之一。 土木工程师计划、设计、 施工, 和维护大 量的结构和公共、商业和工业使用的设施。这些结构包括住宅,办公室和工厂大厦;公路、 铁路、机场、隧道、桥梁、港口、渠道和管道。在其他大多数的国家它们还包括运输系统许 多其他设施,以及将为我们的生活带来便利的和维护我们的健康污水及废物处理系统。 The term “ civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John Smeaton, the builder of famous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymout

7、h, England, is said to have begun calling himself a “ civil engineer ” to distinguish himself from the military engineers of his time. However, the profession is as old as civilization. 直到大约 1750年,人们才开始使用“土木工程师” 这一术语。 约翰 . 斯密顿在 英格兰普 利茅斯附近,建造了著名的埃迪斯通灯塔的建造师,开始自称为“土木工程师 来将自己与当时的军事工程师区分开。然而,土木工程这个职业却像文明

8、一样古老。In ancient Egypt the simplest mechanical principles and devices were used to construct many temples and pyramids that are still standing, including the great pyramid at Giza and the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. The great pyramid, 481 feet（146.6 metershigh, is made of 2.25 million stone blocks h

9、aving an average weight of more than 1.5tons （1.4 metric tons. Great numbers of men were used in the construction of such monuments. The Egyptians also made obelisks by cutting huge blocks of stone, some weighing as much as 1000 tons （900 metric tons. Cutting tools of hard bronze were used.古埃及人用最简单的

10、机械原理和装置建造了许多至今仍矗立的庙宇和金字塔, 包括吉萨 大金字塔和在卡纳克的 Amon-Ra 的寺庙。 这个大金字塔, 481英尺 （146.6 米 高, 由 2250000个石块组成,石块的平均重量超过 1.5吨（1.4 吨 。建造如此的纪念性建筑使用了大量的 人力。埃及人也作了一些重达 1000吨 （900吨 的石头的大块切割的方尖塔。硬青铜的切削 刀具在其中使用到了。The Egyptians built causeways and roads for transporting stone from the quarries to the Nile. The large block

11、s of stone that were erected by the Egyptians were moved by using levers, inclined planes, rollers, and sledges.为了从采石场向尼罗河运输石材埃及人建造了长堤和道路。 由埃及人竖设的大块石头通 过使用拉杆、斜平面、滚子和雪橇来移动。The Egyptians were primarily interested in the know-how of construction; They had very little interest in why-for of use .In cont

12、rast, the Greeks made great strides in introducing theory into engineering problems during the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. They developed an abstract knowledge of lines, angles, surfaces, and solids rather than referring to specific objects. The geometric base for Greek building construction included

13、figures such as the square, rectangle, and triangle. 埃及人主要对如何建造感兴趣; 他们对为什么这么使用没有什么太多的兴趣。 相反, 在 公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪希腊人取得了巨大的进步于工程理论的推广。他们发展了线、 角度、面,和实体的抽象的知识,而不是与特定的对象产生联系。 希腊建筑施工的几何基 础包括数字如正方形、矩形和三角形。The Greek architekton was usually the designer, as well as the builder, of architectural and engineering m

14、asterpieces. He was an architect and engineer. Craftsmen, masons, and sculptors worked under his supervision. In the classical period of Greece all important buildings were built of limestone or marble; the Parthenon, for example, was built of marble.希腊建筑师 通常是建筑工程杰作的设计师同时也是建造师。 他既是一个建筑师也是工 程师。 工匠、 石

15、匠和雕塑家在他的监督下工作。 在希腊古典时期所有重要建筑物是由石灰石 或大理石建造的;以帕台农神庙为例,由大理石建成的。UNIT 3The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers（砖层 were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding

16、agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens（雅典的帕台农神庙 , for example, have holes drilled（钻孔 in them for iron bars that have now rusted away（锈 蚀殆尽 . The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from

17、 volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.早期主要的建筑材料是木材和砌体, 如砖、石、 瓦以及类似的材料。 砖层之间 通过砂浆、 沥青 （一种焦油状的物质或其他一些粘合剂粘合在一起。 希腊人和罗马人有时 用铁条或夹子来加固他们的房屋。 例如, 雅典的帕台农神庙柱子中曾钻孔以便加入铁条, 如 今都已锈蚀殆尽。 罗马人也用称作白榴火山灰的天然水泥, 它用火山灰制作, 在水中会变得 与石头一样坚硬。Both steel and cement, the two most important construction material

18、s of modern times, were introduced （推广 in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron （铁合金 and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time（到那个时候 by a laborious （繁复的 process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades（刀刃 . After the invention of the Bessemer proc

19、ess（贝塞麦炼钢法 in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree （适当的 of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to （往 往 pull apart many materials. Ne

20、w alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress（连续的应力变化 .作为现代两种最重要的建筑材料, 钢材与水泥在十九世纪得到了推广。 直到那 个时候,钢材才通过繁复的过程制造出来,基本上是铁合金, 并含有少量的碳,因而被限制 在一些特殊的用途如刀刃。在 1856年发明了贝塞

21、麦炼钢法后,钢材才得以大量低价获得。 钢材巨大的优势即是它的抗拉强度, 也就是当它在适当的拉力下不会失去强度, 正如我们所 看到的, 该力往往能够将很多材料拉开。 新的合金进一步提高了钢材的强度, 并消除了一些 缺点,如疲劳,即在连续的应力变化下导致强度减弱的趋势。Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone（石灰 石 and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder（磨成粉末 . It is mix

22、ed at or near the construction site （施工现场 with sand, aggregate （small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients （配料 produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed i

23、nto （喷射成 all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other（互补 . 现代水泥发明于 1824年,称为波特兰水泥。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物,加热后 磨成粉末。在或靠近施工现场,将水泥与砂、骨料（小石头、压碎的岩石或砾石 、水混合 而制成混凝土。 不同比例的配料会制造出不同强度和重量的混凝土。 混凝土的用途很多, 可 以

24、浇筑、 泵送甚至喷射成各种形状。 混凝土具有很大的抗压强度, 而钢材具有很大的抗拉强 度。这样,两种材料可以互补。They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where（在 情况下 both compression and tension are factors（主要因素 . Steel rods（钢筋 are embedded

25、in（埋 入 concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop （出现 . Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond - the force that unites（粘合 them - that the steel cannot slip（滑移 with the concrete. Still（还有 another advantage is that steel does not rust in co

26、ncrete. Acid （酸 corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.它们也以另外一种方式互补:它们几乎有相同的收缩率和膨胀率。 因此, 它们在拉、 压为主要因素时能共同工作。 在出现拉力的混凝土梁或结构中, 将钢筋埋入混凝土而成钢筋 混凝土。 混凝土与钢筋形成如此强大的结合力 这个力将它们粘合在一起 以致于钢筋 在混凝土中不会滑移。 还有另一个优势是钢筋在混凝土中不会锈蚀。 酸能腐蚀钢筋, 而混凝 土会发生碱性的化学反应,与酸相反。The adoptio

27、n of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices（施工作业 . It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors （防火地面 . Both these changes served to（有利于

28、 reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect（建造 buildings with greater heights and longer spans.结构钢与钢筋混凝土的采用使传统的施工作业发生了明显的变化。 对多层建筑, 再 也没必要采用厚的石墙或砖墙, 且施工防火地面变为容易得多。 这些变化有利于降低建筑的 成本。它也使建造高度更高和跨度更大的建筑物成为可能。Since the weight of modern structures is carried（承受 by the steel or concre

29、te frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls（承重墙 . Today, however, curtain wall

30、s are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.由于现代结构的重量由钢或混凝土框架承受, 墙体不再支承建筑物。 它们成为幕墙, 将日晒风吹雨打阻挡在外, 而让光线进入。 在较早的钢或混凝土框架建筑中, 幕墙一般由砌 体构成;它们具有承重墙的结实外观。但是今天,幕墙通常由轻质材料组成,如玻璃、铝或 塑料,并形成不同的组合。Another advance in steel construction（结构 is the method of fastening together（连 在一起 the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that lookslike a blunt screw（圆头螺丝钉 without threads（螺纹 . It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel （钢构件 ,