1、10.强调项标志词副词:especially / particularly / almost / always / usually / 动词:show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce / 注:一些简单得大家熟知的在这里就没有一一列出了比方像because ,so, but之类的,请大家自己补充总结。 2012.12英语四级篇章词汇阅读篇(2)篇章词汇 (Banked Cloze)考一篇长度为 220 个单词左右的文章,在文章当中去除了 10 个单词,后面由 15 个单词选项,要求考生选择正确的单词填入文章。这种题型的测试重点在于把握文章
2、的结构,主要考查考生对诸如连贯性,一致性,逻辑联系等语篇,语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构和具体细化到每个单词的微观理解。 篇章词汇 VS 完形填空应该说,篇章词汇是完形填空的一种形式。完形填空的测试面更宽泛,涉及连词,介词等更多的语法知识,而篇章词汇的考查项都是实词(动词,名词,形容词,副词)。篇章词汇更侧重于从篇章层面考查对单词的理解和应用。另外一个较为明显的区别就是,篇章词汇是集合式选项,所有的选项都集中在一起;而完形填空是分组式选项,各道题目的选项互不干扰。 篇章词汇 VS 词汇题 篇章词汇与原来的老题型词汇题相比,更注重对词汇的实
3、际运用的考查,从单一的一句话考查上升到篇章的理解。Passage 2Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can _1_ performance at work and school. Cogniti
4、ve(认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on _2_ and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, _3_ among educators. But the careful use of small _4_ rewards speaks creativity in grade s
5、chool children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed _5_inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively _6_ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eise
6、nberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to _7_ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too muchanticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for _8_ achievement ends up with uninspired students,
7、 Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and _9_ failing grades.In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handlechallenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward v
8、alued rewards, shows _10_ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoidE)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinaryI)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improveM)challenging N)restore O)excellent 参考答案及解析:1. 选 L)。 第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法,因此可以推出此处应
9、填与 destroy 意思相反的动词,可选项由 improve 和 aid ,但能与 performance 构成动宾搭配的只有 improve ,故排除 aid 。2. 选 I)。 由空格后的 and gift 可知此处应填名词。认知派研究专家认为,由于奖励助长了人们期望从别人那得到 和物质奖励的心理,而往往会破坏创造力,因此,选项中只有 approval “认同”符合题意。3. 选 F)。 此处应填副词。可选项有 generally 和 especially ,但从文章后面所举的例子来理解,此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法,因此只有 especially “尤其,特别”符合
10、题意。4. 选 J)。 此处应填形容词。由 But 转折可知此句表明的观点与认知派研究专家 who study various aspects of mental life 的观点“物质奖励有害”相反,因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示“物质奖励”的意思的词,选项中只有 monetary 符合题意。5. 选 G)。 此处应填动词。由 But 转折可知,此举表明的观点与前者即行为学家所持的观点一致,原文为“适当地给予奖励刺激确实 创造力”,选项中只有 aid “有助于(刺激)”符合题意。6. 选 M)。从原文来看,如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力,并能专注于相对 的任务,他们就会表现出很大的
11、创造力,因此只有 challenging 符合题意。7. 选 C)。 由 it its easy to do 结构可知,此处应填动词。由此句中 But 转折与前一句中 show the most creativity 可以推出,此处应填的词应与 show he most 表达的意思相反,且与 destroy 意思相近,故选项中只有 kill 符合题意。8. 选 H)。由此句中 high grades 和 uninspired 可以推出此处应填的词应与 high 形成对比,故只有 ordinary 符合。9 . 选 N)。 由空格前的 and 可知,此处应填动词。可选项有 avoid 和 res
12、tore ,但由 tighten 可推出,既然是使平分标准严格,那么就会有高分和低分,也会有不及格,故只有 restore “恢复”符合题意。 avoid “避免(不及格)”不符合原文意思。10 . 选 B)。 很明显此处应填名词。原文为“实行所谓象征性奖励,在努力提高学生创造力方面有 ,”可选项有 promise 和 hope ,而 hope 是一般人主观的愿望,希望,但此处强调的是“ 有实现的可能性,有前景”,故排除 hope 而选 promise 。 导读:Psychologists take opposing views(意为“持有相反的观点”,即说明了心理学家们对于外在的奖励会怎样影
13、响一个人的动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法) of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can L)improve performance at work and school.Cognitive(认识派的) researchers, who study various
14、 aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on I)approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, F)especially among educators. But the careful use of small J)monetary rewards speaks (意为“表示,表达”,在此应理解为“刺激”) creativity ing
15、rade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激 ) indeed G)aidinventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively M)challengingtask, they show the most creativity
16、,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to C)kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for H)ordinary achievement end
17、s up with uninspired students (A teacheruninspired students 。 这是一个复杂的复合句。主句的主语是 Eisenberger , 谓语是 holds , 宾语是省略了 that 的从句,即是 A teacher ends up with uninspired students, 而由 or 连接的两个由 who 引导的定语从句,则是都是用来修饰 A teacher) , Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at ma
18、jor universities to tighten (意为“拉紧”,但在此处应理解为“严格”) grading standards and N)restore failing grades.In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handlechallenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards, shows B)promise in raising efforts and cre
19、ativity, the Delaware psychologist (值得就是 Robert Eisenberger , 因此可推知最后三段都是 Robert Eisenberger 在对文章开头提出的两种不同观点进行论述) claims. 全文翻译:心理学家们对于外在的奖励从热情的称赞到冰冷冷的金钱刺激,会怎样影响一个人的动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行为和结果之间关系的行为学家认为:奖励能够提高人们的工作和学习表现。研究各种精神生活方面的认知派研究专家却认为:由于奖励助长了人们期望得到别人认同的心理和对物质奖励的依赖心理,往往会破坏创造力。后一种观点博得了很多人 , 特别是教育界
20、人士的支持 . 然而据 六月份刊载的一篇论文却指出 : 谨慎地使用少量的金钱奖励会激发小学生的创造力 , 这表明适当地给予物质刺激确实有助于激发创造力 .“如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力,而且能专注于较有挑战性的任务,他们就会表现出很大的创造力,”位于 Newark 的特拉华大学的罗伯特 . 艾森贝格说,“但是如果孩子表现不佳也给予奖励,或是造成孩子对奖励过分期待,就很容易扼杀创造力。”艾森贝格认为:一名教师如果总是把注意力放在奖励上,或是对于学生的一般表现也给高分,最终会扼杀学生们的灵感。作为后一种观点的一个例证,艾森贝格指出,主要的几所大学都在为尽力严格评分标准和恢复不及格分而不断努
21、力。 这位来自特拉华大学的心理学家认为:在较低的年级里,实行所谓的奖励体系,即根据学生处理有挑战性问题的表新给其判定分数,以决定学生能否得到有价值的奖励。这一有价值的奖励的标准机制在激发学生努力提高其创造力方面还是非常可取的。 四级听力四十天高分突破:第二阶段 短对话阶段第二阶段 题型之短对话阶段 历时7天 第8天第14天 第8天短对话总括短对话是听力考试最基础也是最朴素的题型。很多同学认为短对话也是最容易拿到分数的部分,但是短对话究竟拿到多少分才可能冲击高分呢。一般来讲,短对话要做到精益求精,就算考试当时没有发挥满意,也须要拿到至少六个(短对话一共八道题,序号1118)。目的:熟悉四级短对话
22、题目题目:2009年12月四级短对话题目时间:半小时做题,半小时对答案。接下来按原文听发音并跟读。共需一个小时到一个半小时。这套题涵盖了人物意图题、动作题、小词题之谈论话题、推断题,甚至还有态度题(第18题)。在单词方面也很棒:如第11题have change for a ten-dollar note(有没有能换开10块钱的零钱),第16题working out the gym(健身房锻炼),out of shape(走形、脱形)。而第18题是改自于六级的98年1月第6题,14题也是仿自于之前的经典老题。第9天短对话之场景小词题在短对话中会有一些题目是考察场景小词的,比如刚过去的2011年考
23、试和2012年6月考试就涉及到了几道这样的题目。这类题的解题特点是,听到场景代表小词,就可以出答案。先看几道练习题【1993年1月第3题】3.A) The traffic.B) The weather.C) Their health.D) Their time-table.原文:M: Its a perfect day for staying inside.W: This rain hasnt let up for 2 weeks. Im going crazy.Q: What are they talking about?答案:B【1993年6月第10题】10.A) The choice o
24、f courses.B) A day course.C) An evening course.D) Their work. Do you want a day course or an evening course? Well, it will have to be an evening course since I work during the day.A【1993年6月第6题】6.A) To the bank.B) To a book store.C) To a shoe store.D) To the grocers. What do you want me to get? Im le
25、aving now. Pick up a bottle of milk and a loaf of bread please. Where is the man probably going?D【1994年1月第6题】A) A clerk at the airport information desk.B) A clerk at the railway station information desk.C) A policeman.D) A taxi-driver. Could you please tell me if Flight 858 from San Francisco will b
26、e on time? Yes, Madam. It should be arriving in about 10 minutes. Who do you think the woman is talking to?【1994年1月第7题】7.A) A guest and a receptionist.B) A passenger and an air hostess.C) A customer and a shop assistant.D) A guest and a waitress. Sorry to trouble you. But is there any possibility of
27、 borrowing a blanket? I feel cold. I think weve got one. Could you wait until after take-off please? What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?以上是比较遥远的题目。又比如【2003年1月第3题】A) Colleagues.B) Employer and employee.C) Husband and wife.D) Mother and son. John, what are you doing on your com
28、puter? Dont you remember your promise? This is not a game. Its only a cross word puzzle that helps increase my vocabulary. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?【2003年6月第1题】1.A) At a theatre.B) At a booking office.C) At a railway station.D) At a restaurant.W:Gorge, look at the long waiting line. I am glad you
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