英语语法系统解析 记忆更方便5Word格式文档下载.docx

1、Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾，现在几点了。Why not+动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不?干吗不?例如：Why not take aholiday?干吗不去度假?7.14不定式的时态和语态时态语态主动被动一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing完成式to have done to have been done完成进行式to have been doing 1）现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know thi

2、s.I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。m sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught acold.3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4）完成进行时：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.7.

3、15动名词与不定式1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组：1 stop to do stop doing 2forget to do forget doing 3remember to do remember doing 4regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6try to do try doing 7go on to do go on doing 8afraid

4、 to do afraid doing 9interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/start to do begin/start doing 8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke acigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _o

5、n abig rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事。（未做）forget doing忘记做过某事。（已做）The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn i

6、t off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。（to come动作未做）-The light in the office is still on.-Oh，I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off由the light is still on可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用for

7、get to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do记得去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事（已做）Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do对要做的事遗憾。regret doing对做过的事遗

8、憾、后悔。I regret to have to do this,but Ihave no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what Ithought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now Iregret _that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having doneD。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret

9、 to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for amoment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。8.6 try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事。try doing试验，

10、试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。8.7 go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this o

11、ne.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕；be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by asnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was

12、 afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）m interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?（一种想法）8.10 me

13、an to doing/to do mean to do打算、想mean doing意味着I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。8.11 begin（start）doing/to do begin/start to do sth begin/start doing sth.1）谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you firs

14、t started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴?2）begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do Iwas beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3）在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4）物作主语时It began to melt.8.12感官动词+doing/to do感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,look at,h

15、ear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调我看见了这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调我见他正干活这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。1）They knew her very well.They had seen her _up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to growA。

16、因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth的句型。2）The missing boy was last seen _near the river.A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play答案A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。9.1分词作定语分词前置We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日He is aretired worker.他是位退休的工人分词后置（i分词词组；ii个别分词如given,left；iii修饰不定代

17、词something等）There was agirl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given.这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.1）The first textboo

18、k _for teaching English as aforeign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written B.to be written C.being written D.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句which is written 2）Whats the language _in Germany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词speak的过

19、去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：Whats the language（which is）spoken in German?9.2分词作状语As Ididnt receive any letter from him,I gave him acall.-Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him acall.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better.-Give

20、n more attention，the trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。1）_ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by（被跟随）。本题可改为：With some officials following,Napoleo

21、n inspected his army.2）There was aterrible noise _the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed答案B.由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。3）_,liquids can be changed into gases.A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat答案C.本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液

22、体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句When it is heated，注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。（Being）used for along time,the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。9.3连词+分词（短语）有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，if though，after,before,as

23、.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.waiting和saw的主语相同。9.4分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。9.5分词作表语现在分词：表示主动，正在进行过去分词：表示被动，已经完成She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。He remained sta

24、nding beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。9.6分词作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking一般说来talking of（speaking of）说道strictly speaking严格的说judging from从判断all things considered从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking,dogs can run faste

25、r than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking并不是dogs的动作）9.7分词的时态1）与主语动词同时，Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。Arriving there,they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing答案B.此

26、处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。2）先于主动词While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。Having finished his homework,he went out.=As he had finished his homework,he went out.做完作业后，他出去了。_ areply,he decid

27、ed to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received areply,he decided to write again.9.8分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：He is the man giv

28、ing you the money.（=who gave you）他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.（=who was stopped by）他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned例：a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人a much-travelled may一个去过许多地方的人a burnt-out match烧完了的火柴10.1独立主格（一）：独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去

29、分词；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词；名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词）+介词短语构成。（二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished,we began our holiday.=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep