英语教学法Word格式.docx

1、B. Cognitive psychology1. definition: the study of peoples ability to acquire, organize, remember and use knowledge to guide their behavior.2. factors making cognitive psychology the dominant approach in the world: a. the development of computer technologyb. Jean PiagetHe divided childrens capacity

2、of learning into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperatinal, concrete operational, formal operational. He proposed that children acquire schemas and concepts by interacting with their environment with the help of two processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation refers to the process by whic

3、h new items are added to a concept or schema.Accommodation means the process by which the existing concept or schema is changed on the basis of new information.c. Norm ChomskyHis publication of Syntactic Structures in 1957 not only started a revolution in linguistics but also had an enormous impact

4、on psychology.He argued that language should be viewed as a system of mental rules which are in part wired into the brain as a result of evolution.LAD（Language Acquisition Device）C. Humanistic psychology / Humanism humanistic approaches emphasize the importance of the inner world of the learner and

5、place the individuals thoughts, feelings, and emotions at the forefront of all human development.2. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needsSelf-ActualizationBeing needs Aesthetic NeedsCognitive NeedsNeed for self-esteemDeficiency needs Need for interpersonal closenessNeed for safety and securityBas

6、ic physiological needsTable 1 Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs（Maslow, 1968; Williams & Burden, 2000）Maslow pointed out that if the deficiency needs were not met, or their fulfillment was disrupted in some way, then it would become difficult or even impossible for a person to fulfill needs further u

7、p the hierarchy.Theories of Second Language AcquisitionThe monitor theoryA. founder: Stephen KrashenB. five hypotheses:1. The acquisition-learning hypothesisAcquisition refers to the subconscious process in which learners develop their language proficiency through natural communication in the target

8、 language.Learning means the conscious process in which learners acquire explicit knowledge of the rules of the target language.The distinction between them is whether the learner plays a conscious attention to the rules of the target language.2. The monitor hypothesis Acquisition and learning have

9、different functions in the communication activities. Acquisition is responsible for the fluency of the utterances produced by speakers while learning is responsible for the accuracy of the speeches or passages. The only function of learning is to monitor or edit what has been or is going to be produ

10、ced according to the norms of the target language. Three conditions of monitor:First, the speaker must have sufficient time to monitor his productions.Second, the language performer must have his focus on form.Third, the language performer must have an explicit knowledge of the rules or the target l

11、anguge. 3. The natural order hypothesisForeign language learners acquire the rules of the target language in the same order no matter where, when and how they are learning the language.Average Order of Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes for English as Second Language （Children and Adults）4. The in

12、put hypothesisWe acquire （no learn） language by understanding input that is a little beyond our current level of （acquired competence）.5. The affective filter hypothesisLearners with high motivation, self-confidence, low anxiety will do much better than those that are unmotivated, lacking in self-co

13、nfidence and concerned too much about failure. Theories of LinguisticsA. Traditional linguistics1. time: In 5th century B. C. （ more than 2000 years ago） the ancient Greeks began to make a serious study of language in the realm of philosophy.2. two famous controversies at that time:One was between t

14、he naturalists and conventionalists on the relations between form and meaning. The other was between the analogists and the anomalists on the regularities of language.B. American structuralism it started at the beginning of the 20th century and was very popular and influential in the 1930s and 1949s

15、 throughout the world.2. two forerunners: Franz Boas and Edward Sapir Both studied the languages and cultures of American Indians.3. Leonard BloomfieldHe is a linguist in America, and is regarded as the father of American structuralism.For him, a language is a habit of verbal behavior which consiste

16、d of a series of stimuli and responses. In 1933, he published a book Language, which became the bible of linguistics.C. Transformational generative linguistics in 1957, Noam Chomsky published a book Syntactic Structures, which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a new school-

17、the transformational generative linguistics.2. Language Acquisition Device （LAD）Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device （LAD）. This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar. These general principles can be applied to all the languages i

18、n the world. Once the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD. Chomsky assumes that the child will make hypotheses on the basis of the general principles, then he will test the hypotheses on the basis of the general principles, then he will modify the hypotheses accor

19、dingly, test them again against the data. This hypothesis testing procedure will repeat again and again until the hypotheses agree with the actual grammar of the language. Childrens language acquisition process completes when the universal grammar is successfully transformed into the grammar of a pa

20、rticular language.3. linguistic competence and linguistic performanceLinguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses.Linguistic performance is the actual utterances produced by the native speakers.Chomsky holds the position

21、that linguists should study the linguistic competence, not the performance, and he argues, a deductive, hypothesis-testing approach should be taken.D. Functional Linguistics1. It develops directly from the London School of Linguistics.2. Bronislaw MalinowskiHe was an anthropologist and the precursor

22、 of functional linguistics.He argued that the meaning of any single word is to a very high degree dependent on its context.3. J.R.FirthHe made “context of situation” a key concept in the technique of the London School of Linguistics. He held the position that all branches of linguistics are concerne

23、d with meaning, and the meaning of linguistic items depends on the context of situation.4. M.A. K. HallidayHe combined the linguistic components with Malinowskis sociolinguistic insights and developed a model of linguistic description in detail, and made the London School of Linguistics one of the m

24、ost competitive linguistic theories in the world.He made quite clear his point of view that linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance, form and context. Foreign Language Teaching SchoolsA. The Grammar Translation Method1. Definition: a method of foreign or second l

25、anguage teaching which uses translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. （It is also called Classical Method）2. Time:In 16th century （Latin was taught by grammar analysis and translation.）In late 18th century and early 19th century, （ this method was popular.） （It was

26、accepted by most experts of foreign language teaching that the Grammar-Translation Method originated from the 18th century.）From mid 19th century to mid-20 century, （it dominated foreign language teaching.）Today （it still widely used in some parts of the world today）3. BackgroundIn 16th century, Lat

27、in was studied in European countries. Latin was thought to promote intellectuality through “mental gymnastics”. It was used to study classical culture （literature and fine arts）.4. Theory of languageTraditional linguisticsComparative Historical Linguistics5. Theory of learning: Faculty Psychology6.

28、Main features:a. Grammar is regarded as the core of language.b. Reading and writing are the major focus. c. The major practice is translating from and into the target language.d. Language materials are arranged according to grammar.e. Accuracy is emphasized. 7. Techniques:reading, translation, deductive teaching of grammar, analysis and comparison, memorization, reading comprehension questions, written work8. Advantage:a. System study of grammatical rules plays an important role in fostering students ability of reading comprehensi