Pragmatic Failure in the CrossCultural Communication跨文化交际中的语用失误Word格式文档下载.docx

1、成功的跨文化交际不仅需要外语学习者具备良好的语言能力，而且也需要了解中西文化之间的差异，所以增强对目的语的领悟力是必要的。另一方面，由于语用失误反映出语言学习者的文化背景与价值取向。也就是说，语言学习者是受不同文化背景和价值取向的影响而出现语用失误的，人们不能过于武断的指责或给它贴上“错误”的标签。其中一种理智的解决办法就是通过教师的引导，教授他们一些文化知识帮助学习者了解目的语文化与其母语文化的区别。比如英语词汇包含它特有的文化信息，像有关数字、颜色的词语在语用意义上与中文不同。此外，教师应该让学生重视委婉语和禁忌语的使用。语用失误会造成交际双方间的误解，甚至可能被对方误认为是刻意冒犯，或缺

2、乏教养的表现，结果造成交际中断。这就是语言教师为什么经常告诫学生要尽量避免语用失误的原因。尽管我们可以避免一些语用失误，但由于母语文化对人们根深蒂固的影响，人们在跨文化交际中不可能完全避免语用失误。所以我们应该客观的对其进行评价。关键词：语言; 文化; 语用失误; 跨文化交际ABSTRACTSince Chinas opening to the outside world，the cross-cultural communication becomes more and more important, if people of different languages and backgroun

3、ds want to communicate smoothly ,language is the foundation ,and the culture which attached to the language is also important. Some English learners often make the pragmatic failures （expressing improperly or even making the wrongly understanding） during the cross-cultural communication, for they ha

4、ve little knowledge about the English speaking countries background or they dont know how to understand and use English according to the conversation context. If the language separated from culture, it is just a pile of symbol. The successful cross-cultural communication needs not only the foreign l

5、anguage learners to have the good ability of using language but also to know the differences of the Chinese and western cultures. So a good understanding of the target language is necessary. In the other hands, because of the pragmatic failure is a kind of phenomenon which reflects the language lear

6、ners culture background and value orientation. Thats to say, language learners make the pragmatic failure for they have different culture backgrounds and value orientation, people should not over criticize it artificially or affix to a stag “wrong” on it. One of the sensible ways to solve this probl

7、em is to guide the learners by teachers, they can help students to distinguish their mother languages culture from the target languages culture by teaching some knowledge of culture. For example, English vocabulary contains its own culture, like the vocabulary about number and color have different p

8、ragmatic meanings in Chinese. Furthermore, teachers should ask them to pay attention to the usage of the euphemism and the taboo.Pragmatic failure may cause misunderstandings between the speakers. Sometimes it even regarded as one who offending others purposely or lack of self-cultivation. As a resu

9、lt, the communication will be interrupt. That is why language teachers usually warn the students of avoiding the pragmatic failure as possible as they can. Although people can avoid some pragmatic failures, because of they are influenced by their mother languages culture so deep-seated, it is imposs

10、ible for them to avoid pragmatic failure completely. So it is unavoidable to make the pragmatic failure in the cross-cultural communication, people should value the pragmatic failure objectively. Key words: language; culture; pragmatic failure; cross-cultural communicationCONTENTCharter One Introduc

11、tion.1 1. Introduction.1 2. Literature Review.2Charter Two The Relative Knowledge about Pragmatic Failure .41. Pragmatics, Pragmatic Failure, Cross-Cultural Communication.42. The Relationship between Language and Culture.53. The Causes of the Pragmatic Failure and Main Representations.63.1Analyzing

12、the causes63.1.1 The influences of the pragmatic negative transfer in the cross-cultural communication.63.1.2 The difference of the values83.1.3 The difference of the thought.93.1.4 The difference of the religion beliefs.93.1.5 The difference of the customs.93.2 The Main Representations.103.2.1 The

13、Common Representations of Pragmalinguistic Failure.103.2.2 The Common Representations of Sociapragmatic Failure11Charter Three Measurements and Implications.161. The Measurements of Avoiding the Pragmatic Failure in the Cross-Cultural Communication.161.1 Training of the Pragmatic Competence.161.2 Re

14、ading the English books abundantly to enrich the knowledge.161.3 Strengthening the Language Practice, Improving the Communication Competence.172.The Implications of Pragmatic Failure in English Teaching.17Charter Four Conclusion19Reference.21Acknowledgment.22CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.IntroductionWhen

15、 people of different cultures communicate with each other, the first barrier is “language barrier”, especially when they dont share the same mother language ,even if they share the same mother language ,the language barriers are still exist in various aspects ,so it is common when the culture confli

16、cts occur in the cross-cultural communication ,this kind of conflicts usually reflects on the language, and it is accompanied with the pragmatic failure ,which sometimes causing unnecessary understandings and confusions .The English linguist Thomas（1983） divided the pragmatic failure into two catego

17、ries: pragmalinguistic failure and sociapragmatic failure ,the former one refers to the speakers who dont follow the native-speakers habit ,they express the words in a wrong way ,or they dont know the right way to express, some of them even influenced by the mother language （e.g. Chinglish）.The late

18、r one refers to the speakers who dont know or neglect the culture background of the target language, which leads to the pragmatic failure .In the most occasions ,the pragmatic failure during the cross-cultural is caused by the different social and culture backgrounds. Language as the keystone of cul

19、ture is tightly intertwined with culture .Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture .When learning a foreign or second language ,the learners should not only learn the mere imitation of the pronunciation ,grammar ,words ,and idioms, but also learn to understand the ideas ,customs,

20、 and behavior of that society ,learn to understand their “language of the mind”. That is to say, the speakers need to learn enough about the languages culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicat

21、ive competence as well.This thesis tries to analyses the causes of the pragmatic failure in the cross-cultural communication in many aspects, then gives the solutions to reduce the pragmatic failure and then making the cross-cultural communications become more smoothly.2.Literature ReviewPragmatics

22、as a new branch of linguistic science was first introduced into China in the 1980s, and in the pragmatic research developed rapidly. Chinese scholars have introduced and discussed this issue raised by western philosophers and linguists like Thomas （1983）, Grice （1975）, Searle （1969） as well as Levin

23、son （1986）, Leech （1983）, Verschueren （1999）, Sperber （1986） and Wilson （1986）, etc. Grice （1975） develops his remarkable theory ofconversational implicatures. He lists four maxims that of the cooperative principle: quantity, quality, relation and manner. The most important cooperative principle in

24、human communication is linguistic politeness put forward by Leech （1983）. He holds that in communication, participants should follow the politeness principle of tact maxim, generosity maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim. But different cultures have different value of politeness

25、and have different expressions in their speech acts. These differences may lead to pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication. In the previous years, many Chinese scholars also contribute to the field and conduct many valuable researches. HE Ziran the professor of linguistics, research in pra

26、gmatics and Applied Linguistics. He has translated and written some books on linguistic pragmatics: A survey of Pragmatics （1988）, Pragmatics and English Learning （1997） Explorations of Linguistic Pragmatics （2000）, and Notes on Pragmatics （2002）. According to Hu Wenzhong （2002）, characteristics of

27、culture may be boiled down to five aspects: Culture is not biological inheritance but social legacy; Culture is not innate but something acquired through learning; Most part of culture is unconscious; Culture serves as peoples behavioral guidelines; Culture is dynamic, and its forms are related to c

28、ertain historical periods. Ran Yongping （2000） introduces a lot of pragmatic works from abroad, such as Clinical Pragmatics: Unraveling the Complexities of Communicative Failure; Pragmatic Development in a Second Language; Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. Among the research on interc

29、ultural communication, the most conspicuous focus is on the study of pragmatic failures vs. cultural factors, and on the discussion of Chinese learners pragmatic competence in English. The achievements in this field show that linguistic competence of the Chinese learner of English is not equivalent

30、to his pragmatic competence. CHAPTER TWORELATIVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PRAGMATIC FAILUREThere are many kinds of communication in the world, the language communication among human beings is somewhat complicated and interesting. Because of people from different nations, areas or cities may have variety of languages and also have variety of backgrounds. When these people comm