微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细Word文件下载.docx

1、Inflation nfle（）n an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in m

2、arkets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把拨给;英lket resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor （or small group of actors） to have a substantial influence on market prices opportunity cost whatever

3、 must be given up to obtain some item productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can

4、to achieve their objectives scarcity the limited nature of societys resources Chapter 2 circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics ,mkriknmks; -ek-the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inf

5、lation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics ,makriknmksthe study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normativenmtv标准的 statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美prskrab how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt t

6、o describe the world as it is production possibilities frontier frnt）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology Chapter 3 absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using

7、fewer inputs than another producer comparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically美dmestkl】合乎国内的 and sold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically Chapter 4 competitive market 完全竞争市场a market w

8、ith many buyers and sellerssel trading identical同一的，完全相同的美adntkl products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品kmplmnt two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other demand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the

9、price of a good and the quantity demanded demand schedule需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Equilibrium,ikwlbrm均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded equilibrium price

10、 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded equilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price inferior good劣质品 nfr a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand law of demand 需求原理the clai

11、m that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply供给原理 the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bri

12、ng the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance market a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service normal good普通商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand quantity demanded 需求量the amount of a good that

13、 buyers are willing and able to purchase quantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the dema

14、nd for the other supply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied supply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied surplus s:plsa situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity deman

15、ded Chapter 5 cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the secon

16、d good elasticity,ilststi n.弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income, computed as the percent

17、age change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in

18、 price price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price total revenue （in a market）总收入; 总收益 the amount paid by buyer

19、s and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6 price ceiling sila legal maximummksmm on the price at which a good can be sold price floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold tax incidencensd（）nsthe manner in which the bur

20、den of a tax is shared among participants in a market Chapter 7 consumerknsjum surplusspls消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus mans the amount the buyer actually pays for it cost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good efficiency equality producer surplu

21、s the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the sellers cost of providing it welfare economics the study of how the allocation美lken分配，配给 of resources affects economic well-being willingness to pay 受益者负担the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good Chapter 8 Dead weight loss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the f

22、all in total surplus过剩的; 多余的s:rpls that results from a market distortion变形; 失真dstrn, such as a tax Chapter 9 tariff 关税; 关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically world price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good Chapter 10 Coase theoremrm 科斯定理the prop

23、osition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities外在性 on their own corrective tax 矫正税a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative externality externa

24、lity ,ekstlt外形; 外在性; 外部事物; （经济学名词） 外部效应the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander internalizing the externality 内化altering incentivesnsntv so that people take account of the external effects of their actions transactiontrnzkn交易 costs the costs that parties incur

25、 in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargain Chapter 11 club goods goods that are excludable but not rival in consumption common resources goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的; costbenefit analysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to

26、 society of providing a public good excludability ks,kludblt排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it free rider 释义坐享其成，无本获利;a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption publ

27、ic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumption rivalry in consumption消费竞争 the property of a good whereby one persons use diminishes other peoples use Tragedy of the Commons公共地悲剧 a parable寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole Chapter 12 ability-to-pay principle 释义负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden average tax rate total taxes paid divided by total income benefits principle