乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照Word文件下载.docx

1、The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

2、needs.Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the world, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 （WTO, 1998）. It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross o

3、utput, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 10.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue （WTTC, 1996）.The volume and significa

4、nce of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms of alternative tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural en

5、vironment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism industry.Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earths resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tour

6、ism appeared.Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debated - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic inte

7、grity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perpetuity （FNNP, 1993）. A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural re

8、sources; recognises the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas （Tourism

9、 Concern & WWF, 1992）.Though the existing definitions usually differ in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it h

10、as many ramifications （Mowforth & Munt, 1998）.Ecological sustainability, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destinations ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources

11、 from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growth of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism （both the industry and the tourists themselves） without the creation of social disha

12、rmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes that a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called tourist culture and the residual culture of the visitors （Jafari, 1987）. Economic sustainability refers

13、to a level of economic gain from tourism that is sufficient to provide an appropriate income for the local community （compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector） and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists （thus a precondition of

14、economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the perceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable）.The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equa

15、lly important. High level of economic profitability must not be considered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken （properly）. Sust

16、ainable tourism development has to be economically viable and naturally and culturally sensitive at the same time.As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations physical, economic and social-cul

17、tural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability

18、 indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools.INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITYIndicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions （WTO, 1996）. In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that ar

19、e important to the decision-makers （the relative significance of these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists）.Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the r

20、isk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the tourist industry depends （WTO, 1996）.Based on different guidelines and recommendations （Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke, 1996; WTO, 1996; Mowforth & Munt, 1998）, the indicators sugge

21、sted for the purpose of this study are the following （Table 1）:Table 1 - Indicators of Sustainability in Rural TourismIndicatorMeasure1. Stress- Number of visitors/tourists （per annum/season）2. Social stress- Ratio of visitor/tourist numbers to local population （perannum/season）3. Attractiveness- Li

22、st of natural and cultural resources - Rate of attractiveness of natural and cultural resources4.Planning process- Existence of local/regional plan for development5.Tourism planning process- Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development6. Area protection- Category of protection - Percenta

23、ge of protected area compared to the whole territory of the destination7.Local involvement- Ratio of the number of locally owned tourist businesses to the total number of tourist businesses8. Local control- Existence of formal measures （public hearing, community meeting, local referendum） to ensure

24、local control over evelopment planning and implementation9. Employment- Number of jobs created in tourism （full-time equivalent） - Ratio of local employee number to the number of guest workers10.Tourism contribution to the local economy- Proportion of total tax income generated by tourism only11.Eco

25、nomic diversity- Share of different economic activities in the total tax income12.Energy consumption- Ratio of renewable energy sources to non-renewable energy sources （consumption）13.Waste management- Percentage of households with proper sewage system - Percentage of waste receiving treatment14. Ed

26、ucation and training- Percentage of local people involved in tourism with professional training and education - Distribution of tourism employees by education - Percentage of tourism employees （and local people） participating in on-the-job training in a given time period15.Local satisfaction- Overal

27、l perception of tourisms impacts in local community16.Touristsatisfaction- Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and the value/price ratio of the complex tourist product - Percentage/change of repeat visits compared to first-time visitsTHE CONCEPT OF RURAL TOURISMRural tourism is an old and a new phenomenon at the same time. Interest in countryside recreation started to grew already in the 19. century as a reaction to the stress of the increasing urbanization and industrialisation. The rural scene was admi