新编化学化工专业英语Word文件下载.docx

1、1 Applications of Thermodynamics1.热力学应用There are two major applications of thermodynamics, both of which are important to chemical engineers:有两个主要应用热力学，这两者都是化学工程师的重要：（1） The calculation of heat and work effects associated with process as well as the calculation of the maximum work obtainable from a

2、process or the minimum work required to drive a process.（1）的热量和工作的影响与过程以及从一个过程或最小工作需要驱动的过程中获得的最大工作的计算。（2） The establishment of relationships among the variables describing systems at equilibrum.2）描述系统在平衡的变量之间的关系的建立。The first application is suggested by the name thermodynamics, which implies heat in

3、motion. Most of these calculations can be made by the direct implementation of the first and second laws.Examples are calculating the work of compressing a gas, performing an energy balance on an entire process or a process unit, determining the minimum work of separating a mixture of ethanol and wa

4、ter, or evaluating the efficiency of an ammonia synthesis plant.第一个应用是由名称热力学的建议，这意味着热运动。大多数这些计算可以由第一和第二定律直接执行。实例计算压缩气体的工作，执行对整个过程或过程单元的能量平衡，确定分离乙醇和水的混合物的最小工作，或评估一个合成氨厂的效率。The application of thermodynamics to a particular system results in the definition of useful properties and the establishment of

5、a network of relationships among the properties and other variables such as pressure, temperature, volume, and mol fraction. Actually, application 1 would not be possible unless a means existed for evaluating the necessary thermodynamics property changes required in implementing the first and second

6、 laws. The property changes are calculated from experimentally determined data via the established network of relationships. Additionally, the network of relationships among the variables of a system allows the calculation of values of variables which are either unknown or difficult to determine exp

7、erimentally from variables which are either available or easier to measure. For example, the heat of vaporizing a liquid can be calculated from measurements of the vapor pressure at several temperatures and the densities of the liquid and vapor phase at several temperatures, and the maximum conversi

8、on obtainable in a chemical reaction at any temperature can be calculated from calorimetric measurements performed on the individual substances participating in the reaction.热力学的有用的特性，和其他变量，如压力，温度，体积性质之间的关系，建立一个网络的定义，一个特定的系统中，与摩尔分数。实际上，应用1将不可能存在除非手段评估必要的热力学性质的变化在执行第一和第二定律。属性的变化计算从实验确定的数据通过网络关系的建立。此外

9、，一个系统的变量之间的关系的网络允许是未知的或难以确定实验中是可用的或容易衡量的变量的变量值的计算。例如，蒸发液体可从蒸汽压力测量在不同温度下的液体和蒸气相的密度在几个温度下计算出的热，在任何温度下化学反应得到最大的转换可以从热测量对个体物质参与的反应进行了计算。2 The nature of Thermodynamics2热力学性质A. Thermodynamics is a science that includes the study of energy transformations and of the relationships among the physical propert

10、ies of substances that are affected by these transformations.A.热力学是一门科学，包括研究的能量转换和之间的关系，通过这些变革影响物质的物理性质之间的。1. Definition is broad and vague.1定义是广泛的，模糊的。2. Mechanical engineers typically focus on power and refrigeration devices such as steam power plants, fuel cells, nuclear reactors, etc.2机械工程师通常集中在

11、发电和制冷设备如蒸汽发电厂，燃料电池，核反应堆等。3. Chemical engineers typically focus on phase equilibria and chemical reactions and the associated properties.3化学工程师通常集中在相平衡和化学反应和相关的性能。4. Element which really sets thermodynamics apart from other sciences is the study of energy transformations through heat and work.4元素，真正使

12、热力学与其他科学是通过热与功转换能量的研究。B. Thermodynamic properties can be studied either by studying macroscopic or microscopic behavior of matter.B.热力学性质进行研究无论是通过研究宏观或微观物质的行为。1. Classical thermodynamics treats matter as a continuum and studies the macroscopic behavior of matter1经典热力学治疗物质作为一个连续体，研究物质的宏观行为2. Statisti

13、cal thermodynamics studies the statistical behavior of large groups of individual particles. It postulates that observed physical property behavior （e.g., T, p, H, ） is equal to the appropriate statistical average of a large number of particles.2统计热力学研究的大组的单个粒子的统计行为。它假设，观察到的物理属性的行为（例如，T，P，H，）等于相应的统计

14、平均的大量粒子。C. Thermodynamics is based upon experimental observation.C.热力学是基于实验观察。1. Conclusions of observations have been cast as postulates or laws.1已被称为假设或法律结论的观察。2. Our study of thermodynamics will consider five laws or postulates; two dealing with energy transformation and three dealing with proper

15、ties.2我们的热力学研究会考虑五法律或假设；两个处理的能量转换和三处理性能。 Energy Transformation Laws:能量转化规律：a. First Law of Thermodynamics-Energy is conserved. （You cant win!）A.热力学第一定律能量守恒。（你不可能赢的！b. Second Law of Thermodynamics-Takes many forms. In essence it says that energy has different “quality” and processes only spontaneousl

16、y proceed in one direction. It isnt possible to convert all of the energy of a system into work. B.热力学第二定律以多种形式。从本质上说，能有不同的“质量”，只在一个方向自发进行的过程。你不可能将所有的精力投入到工作的系统。Property Relationship Laws:c. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics-When each of two systems is in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are

17、 also in thermal equilibrium with each other.C.热力学第零定律当两个系统都是在热平衡三分之一系统，他们也彼此处于热平衡状态。d. Third Law of Thermodynamics-The “entropy” of a perfect crystal is zero at absolute zero temperature.D.热力学第三定律“熵”的一个完美的晶体是零在绝对零度的温度下。e. State Postulate-The state of a simple, single phase thermodynamic system is c

18、ompletely specified by two independently variable, intensive properties.E状态的假设一个简单的状态，单相的热力学系统完全由两个独立的变量指定的，密集的性质。D. Energy Conversion and Efficiency能量转换效率1.A primary concern in thermodynamics is energy conversion and a measure of energy conversion success is called the efficiency. For energy consum

19、ing or producing devices it is called the thermal efficiency:1热力学中的一个主要关注的是能源转换和衡量成功的被称为能量转换效率。对能源的消耗及生产设备，它被称为热效率：3 Definitions and Thermodynamic Vocabulary3定义和热力学的词汇A. Thermodynamic SystemA.热力系统1. Definition-A three dimensional region of space bounded by arbitrary surfaces （which may be real or im

20、aginary and may change size or shape） which delineate the portion of the universe we are interested in.1定义一三维空间区域范围内的任意曲面（这可能是真实的或想象的，可能会改变大小或形状），勾画出我们感兴趣的是宇宙的一部分。a. Closed System is a system that is closed with respect to the flow of matter, e.g., fixed, closed volume. A closed system is defined by

21、 a fixed quantity of mass.封闭的系统是一个系统，是相对于物质流，例如，固定的闭合，闭合容积。一个封闭的系统是由一个固定数量的质量定义。b. Open System is a system that is open with respect to the flow of matter such as a compressor. The system is defined by an imaginary volume surrounding the region of interest. The surface of this volume is called the c

22、ontrol or sigma （s ） surface. Mass, heat, work and momentum can flow across the control surface.打开系统是一个系统，是相对于物质如压缩机流量开放。该系统是由周围感兴趣区域的一个假想的体积定义。本卷的表面被称为控制或（的）表面。质量，动量和热量，工作可以流过控制面。c. Isolated System is a system that is not influenced in any way by the part of space which is external to the system bo

23、undaries. No heat, work, mass or momentum can cross the boundary of an isolated system. （N, V, U） are fixed and constant in a closed system.C.孤立系统是一个系统，不影响任何方式的空间是系统边界外的部分。没有热，质量和动量的工作，可以跨一个孤立的系统边界。（N，V，U）是固定的，在一个封闭的系统常数。d. Simple System is a system that does not contain any internal adiabatic, rigi

24、d and impermeable boundaries and is not acted upon by external forces.D.简单的系统是一个系统，不包含任何内部绝热，刚性和不透水边界并不是由外力驱动。e. Composite System is a system that is composed of two or more simple systems.E.复合系统是一个系统，由两个或两个以上的简单系统。B. PropertyB.属性1. Definition-A characteristic of a system.1定义一个系统的一个特性。a. Primitive P

25、roperty is a property that can in principle be specified by describing an operation or test to which the system is subjected. Examples include mechanical measurements （e.g., pressure, volume, and thermometric temperature T） and heat capacity.原始的财产是财产，原则上可以在指定的描述一个操作或测试该系统受到。例子包括机械测量（例如，压力，体积和温度，温度T）

26、和热容量。b. Derived Property is a property that is mathematically defined in terms of primitive properties.B.派生属性，是数学中的原始定义属性的属性。c. Intensive Property is a property that is independent of the extent of or mass of the system. Examples are T, P, density, （x）, etc.C.密集的属性是独立的程度，或系统的质量属性。的例子是T，P，密度，（x），等。d.

27、 Extensive Property is a property whose value for the system is dependent upon the mass or extent of the system. Examples are the enthalpy, internal energy, volume, etc.D.广泛性是系统的值是依赖于系统的质量或程度的财产的例子是内部的能量，焓，体积，等。e. Specific Property is an extensive property per unit mass. Specific properties are inte

28、nsive.E.特性是一个广泛的每单位质量特性。具体性能密集型。f. State Property is a property that only depends on the thermodynamic state of the system, not the path taken to get to that state.F.国家财产是财产，仅取决于系统的热力学状态，而不是采取的路径到达这一状态。C. State of a SystemC.系统状态1. Thermodynamic State-The condition of the system as characterized by t

29、he values of its properties.1热力学状态系统的状况为特征的自身属性的值。2. Stable Equilibrium State is a state in which the system is not capable of finite spontaneous change to another state without a finite change in the state of the surroundings.2稳定平衡状态是不能够有限自然变化到另一种状态是系统的状态不在周围的区域有限的改变。a. Many types of equilibrium must be fulfilled - thermal, mechanical, phase （material） and chemical.许多类型的平衡必须满足热，机械，化学和相位（材料）。3. State Postulate: The equilibrium sta